The Civil Liberties Of The United States Essay - 1513 Words

Civil liberties is the individual rights and freedoms that government is obliged to protect, normally by not interfering in the exercise of these rights and freedoms. However, over the years the rights for the people have either have become open and free or it has become restrictive. The bill of rights in terms of scope in civil liberties protection has changed by three paths such three paths are increased in authority of federal government, the Supreme court shifted its interpretation of constitutional provisions in areas like freedom of speech, free religious practice, expansion and contraction of protections, and finally additional liberties to be protected beyond those specifically listed in the constitution. The first amendment includes the establishment clause that prevents government from establishing an official religion or giving more priority to one particular religion, people are given the freedom to practice their religion without any barriers. However, in Engel vs Vitale case, A New York State law required public schools to open each day with the Pledge of Allegiance and a nondenominational prayer in which the students recognized their dependence upon God. The law allowed students to absent themselves from this activity if they found it objectionable. A parent sued on behalf of his child, arguing that the law violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. According to the court decision in this case, the authority violated the establishment clause,Show MoreRelatedCivil Liberties Of The United States909 Words   |  4 PagesCivil Liberties Activity 1. Respond in writing - Looking at the following Constitutional amendments, describe in brief layman’s terms the civil liberties afforded to us as a result of the amendment. This part of the assignment may have been completed in class depending on the kinds of notes you took in class. You may simply copy over your notes if they are complete. a. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 19, 26 2. Investigating the â€Å"right† to privacy in the Constitution – Using reliableRead MoreThe Civil Liberties Of The United States1997 Words   |  8 Pagesfreedom that the United States of America was found has been forgotten. The United States government at its earliest establishment had set forth a set of freedoms for all people to feel safe from any persecution. In order to make these a set of established rights, the founding fathers created the U.S. Constitution that holds within itself the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was a call for greater constitutional protection for each citizens, or immigrants, individual civil liberties. During the twentiethRead MoreCivil Liberties And The Government Of The United States1178 Words   |  5 Pagesclaims that the government of the United States has in the past overreacted in times of war and crisis, and has seriously violated many civil liberties. A democracy requires high levels of civil rights, liberties, and politic al openness in order for its citizens to fully participate in political election, and other governmental activities; however, the demands of national security usually require much less openness, secrecy, and limitations on civil rights and liberties. Throughout history there haveRead MorePresident of the United States and Civil Liberties Essay3182 Words   |  13 PagesSample Essay Questions 1. In our discussion of representation in the United States, we discussed the various amendments to the U.S. Constitution that increased citizen representation. Name three amendments to the U.S. Constitution that increased citizen representation in our government, and explain specifically, how each either expanded our electorate or made the government more representatives of its citizens. - Amendment XV - African American Suffrage - African Americans receiveRead MoreThe United States Constitution Vs. American Civil Liberties Union798 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States Constitution gives the American people their freedom so to speak. The Constitution outlines many things that other countries don’t offer their citizens such as freedom of speech, religion and the press. The First Amendment of the Constitutions guarantees that the United States people have rights to freedom of expression and freedom of religion without the interference of the government. The Bible states in Deuteronomy 17: 18-19, â€Å"Now it shall come about when he sit on the throneRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1479 Words   |  6 PagesSLO #1 Civil Liberties v Civil Rights Dylan Dang, GOV 2301 In today’s world, a country’s government has a monumental impact on how society functions. Without a balance of power between the government and the people, a country can fall into chaos and disarray. The same can be said for when citizens disagree with the government’s decisions but are silenced, never having a voice. This can be seen with the protesters in Catalonia, with a plethora of media online posting photos of riot police beatingRead MoreCivil Rights Vs. Civil Liberties1259 Words   |  6 PagesKirk Professor Sherry Sharifian GOVT-2305-71430 24 September 2017 Assignment One: 1 Civil Rights Vs. Civil Liberties As a citizen of the United States, one is granted many protections under law. 2 These protections consist of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties. Varying based on the person, these rights are very valuable and ensure that an individual free of harm for certain situations. Civil Rights and Civil Liberties have evolved over the years as our country continues to further its development. TheyRead MoreCivil Rights Vs. Civil Liberties901 Words   |  4 Pages18 September 2017 Civil Rights vs. Civil Liberties In America, today there is a lot of controversy over human’s rights. This is not true of just today, however, this fight for people s rights has been going on for ages. There are two basic types of rights. 2 There are Civil Rights and there are Civil Liberties. Civil Liberties are a broader topic, such as the right to vote or the right to bear arms, they can be directly from the Bill of Rights or the Constitution. While Civil Rights are more specificRead MoreThe American Civil Liberties Union1714 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Civil Liberties Union is a large and influential non-profit organization that was founded in 1920. The American Civil Liberties Union is a nonpartisan group that serves to protect the individual rights and liberties of American citizens and is considered a powerful interest group, especially within movements that advocate civil rights and civil liberty. Ginsberg, Lowi, Weir, and Tolbert define interests group as â€Å"individuals who organize to influence the government’s program and policies†Read MoreCivil Rights And Civil Liberties1009 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 2017 Civil Liberties are basic freedoms and rights that are guaranteed to us by the government through the Constitution, Bill of Rights, and the Federal Law (â€Å"Civil Rights vs. Civil Liberties.†). Whether they are freedom of speech or a right to an attorney, these basic rights are a right to all of us. 1 Civil rights are the basic rights to be free from unequal treatment based on certain protected characteristics (race, gender, disability, etc.) (â€Å"Civil Rights vs. Civil Liberties.†). Whether

Critical Thinking vs Making Assumptions Essay - 1139 Words

Critical thinking takes consistent behavior in asking the right questions about the subject. In my life, I have come across people who ask many questions and some people who â€Å"go with the flow† and believe everything they hear because it is spoken with some sort of authority. Assumptions can be damaging to relationships and without critical thinking and communication, our thought process can assume the wrong idea entirely. When I speak with someone who is a critical thinker, they can be so convincing that it is often challenging to decide what the correct conclusions are. To have inferences is to reach a conclusion on the basis of evidence and reasoning through critical thinking and asking the right questions. Critical Thinking and†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"If we allow ourselves to become unreflective persons, we are likely to do injury to ourselves and others, and to miss many opportunities to make our own lives, and the lives of others, fuller, happier, and more productive.† (Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2013) This is so important to understand because when I do have an opinion and try to voice it or ask questions, people do not take me seriously. I work with someone who asks many questions, she is inquisitive, curious and a critical thinker. I have the questions in my head, but do not voice them as often as I should. My assumptions are that if someone is asking me to perform a task at work, they want it done the way they ask for it to be done and they would know better than I would. This assumption is not justifiable as people want me to grow learn my position. In order for me to apply critical thinking in my life, I would ask more questions to be better inform ed. This would make it appear like I was not disinterested and actually had an opinion on certain things. A person who is not a critical thinker often comes across as unintelligent. My coworker asks questions because she is â€Å"pursuing better conclusions, better beliefs, and better decisions.† (Browne Keeley, 2012) To be a critical thinker allows a person to gain respect from those around you. â€Å"Critical thinking is frequently referred to as an art that leads us to acquire new knowledge, strengthen our thinking and arguments, and improve ourShow MoreRelatedCounseling Ethics Critical Thinking1196 Words   |  5 Pagesof Ethics and Critical Thinking Ethics in Psychotherapy and Counseling 4th ed., Chapter 3 Authors: Kenneth Pope and Melba Vasquez The authors’ main purpose of this chapter is to teach the importance of examining our ethics through the lenses of critical thinking. 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Queuing Theory Free Essays

string(51) " be exponentially distributed with mean 3 minutes\." Waiting Line Models ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The Structure of a Waiting Line System Queuing Systems Queuing System Input Characteristics Queuing System Operating Characteristics Analytical Formulas Single-Channel Waiting Line Model with Poisson Arrivals and Exponential Service Times Multiple-Channel Waiting Line Model with Poisson Arrivals and Exponential Service Times Economic Analysis of Waiting Lines Slide 1 Structure of a Waiting Line System ? ? Queuing theory is the study of waiting lines. Four characteristics of a queuing system are: †¢the manner in which customers arrive †¢the time required for service the priority determining the order of service †¢the number and configuration of servers in the system. Slide 2 Structure of a Waiting Line System ? ? Distribution of Arrivals †¢Generally, the arrival of customers into the system is a random event. We will write a custom essay sample on Queuing Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢Frequently the arrival pattern is modeled as a Poisson process. Distribution of Service Times †¢Service time is also usually a random variable. †¢A distribution commonly used to describe service time is the exponential distribution. Slide 3 Structure of a Waiting Line System ? Queue Discipline †¢Most common queue discipline is first come, first served (FCFS). An elevator is an example of last come, first served (LCFS) queue discipline. †¢Other disciplines assign priorities to the waiting units and then serve the unit with the highest priority first. Slide 4 Structure of a Waiting Line System ? Single Service Channel Customer arrives ? Waiting line Multiple Service Channels System S1 Customer leaves System S1 Customer arrives Waiting line S2 Customer leaves S3 Slide 5 Examples of Internal Service Systems That Are Queueing Systems Type of System Customers Server(s) Secretarial services Employees Secretary Copying services Employees Copy machine Computer prog ramming services Employees Programmer Mainframe computer Employees Computer First-aid center Employees Nurse Faxing services Employees Fax machine Materials-handling system Loads Materials-handling unit Maintenance system Machines Repair crew Inspection station Items Inspector Production system Jobs Machine Semiautomatic machines Machines Operator Tool crib Machine Clerk Slide 6 Examples of Transportation Service Systems That Are Queueing Systems Type of System Customers Server(s) Highway tollbooth Cars Cashier Truck loading dock Trucks Loading crew Port unloading area Ships Unloading crew Airplanes waiting to take off Airplanes Runway Airplanes waiting to land Airplanes Runway Airline service People Airplane Taxicab service People Taxicab Elevator service People Elevator Fire department Fires Fire truck Parking lot Cars Parking space Ambulance service People Ambulance Slide 7 Queuing Systems ? ? ? ? A three part code of the form A/B/k is used to describe various queuing systems. A identifies the arrival distribution, B the service (departure) distribution and k the number of channels for the system. Symbols used for the arrival and service processes are: M – Markov distributions (Poisson/exponential), D – Deterministic (constant) and G – General istribution (with a known mean and variance). For example, M/M/k refers to a system in which arrivals occur according to a Poisson distribution, service times follow an exponential distribution and there are k servers working at identical service rates. Slide 8 Queuing System Input Characteristics = 1/? =  µ= 1/ µ = = the average arrival rate the average time between arrivals the average service rate for each server the average service time the standard deviation of the service time Slide 9 Queuing System Operating Characteristics P0 = Pn = Pw = Lq = probability the service facility is idle robability of n units in the system probability an arriving unit must wait for service average number of units in the queue awaiting service L = average number of units in the system Wq = average time a unit spends in the queue awaiting service W = average time a unit spends in the system Slide 10 Analytical Formulas ? ? For nearly all queuing systems, there is a relationship between the average time a unit spends in the system or queue and the average number of units in the system or queue. These relationships, known as Little’s flow equations are: L = ? W and Lq = ? Wq Slide 11 Analytical Formulas ? ? When the queue discipline is FCFS, analytical formulas have been derived for several different queuing models including the following: †¢M/M/1 †¢M/M/k †¢M/G/1 †¢M/G/k with blocked customers cleared †¢M/M/1 with a finite calling population Analytical formulas are not available for all possible queuing systems. In this event, insights may be gained through a simulation of the system. Slide 12 M/M/1 Queuing System ? ? ? ? ? ? Single channel Poisson arrival-rate distribution Exponential service-time distribution Unlimited maximum queue length Infinite calling population Examples: †¢Single-window theatre ticket sales booth Single-scanner airport security station Slide 13 Notation for Single-Server Queueing Models ? ? = Mean arrival rate for customers = Expected number of arrivals per unit time 1/? = expected interarrival time ? m = Mean service rate (for a continuously busy server) = Expected number of service completions per unit time 1/m = expected service time ? r = the utilization factor = the average fraction of time that a server is busy serving customers = /? m Slide 14 ? Assumptions 1. Interarrival times have an exponential distribution with a mean of 1/?. 2. Service times have an exponential distribution with a ean of 1/m. 3. The queueing system has one server. †¢ The expected number of customers in the system is L = r? /? (1 –? r) = /? (m? – ? )? †¢ The expected waiting time in the system is W = (1 / ? )L = 1 / (m – ? ) †¢ The expected waiting time in the queue is Wq = W – 1/m = ? / [m(m – ? )] †¢ The expected number of customers in the queue is Lq = ? Wq = ? 2 / [m(m – ? )] = r2 / (1 – r) Slide 15 ? The probability of having exactly n customers in the system is Pn = (1 – r)rn Thus, P0 = 1 – r P1 = (1 – r)r P2 = (1 – r)r2 : : ? The probability that the waiting time in the system exceeds t is P(W ; t) = e–m(1–r)t for t ? ? The probability that the waiting time in the queue exceeds t is P(Wq ; t) = re–m(1–r)t for t ? 0 Slide 16 Problem: ? Consider the situation where the mean arrival rate is one customer every 4 minutes and the mean service time is 2. 5 minutes. Calculate the following †¢Average no. of customer in the system †¢Average queue length †¢Average time a customer spends in the system †¢Average time a customer waits before being served. Slide 17 Problem: ? ? ? Arrivals at a telephone booth are considered to be Poisson, with an average time of 10 minutes between one arrival and the next. The length of a phone call is ssumed to be exponentially distributed with mean 3 minutes. You read "Queuing Theory" in category "Essay examples" What is the probability that a person arriving at the booth will have to wait? The telephone department will install a second booth when convinced that an arrival would expect to have to wait at least three minutes for the phone . By how much must the flow of arrivals be increased in order to justify a second booth? Slide 18 Example: SJJT, Inc. (A) ? M/M/1 Queuing System Joe Ferris is a stock trader on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange for the firm of Smith, Jones, Johnson, and Thomas, Inc. Stock transactions arrive at a mean rate of 20 per hour. Each order received by Joe requires an average of two minutes to process. Orders arrive at a mean rate of 20 per hour or one order every 3 minutes. Therefore, in a 15 minute interval the average number of orders arriving will be ? = 15/3 = 5. Slide 19 Example: SJJT, Inc. (A) ? Arrival Rate Distribution Question What is the probability that no orders are received within a 15-minute period? Answer P (x = 0) = (50e -5)/0! = e -5 = .0067 Slide 20 Example: SJJT, Inc. (A) ? Arrival Rate Distribution Question What is the probability that exactly 3 orders are received within a 15-minute period? Answer P (x = 3) = (53e -5)/3! 125(. 0067)/6 = . 1396 Slide 21 Example: SJJT, Inc. (A) ? Arrival Rate Distribution Question What is the probability that more than 6 orders arrive within a 15-minute period? Answer P (x ; 6) = 1 – P (x = 0) – P (x = 1) – P (x = 2) – P (x = 3) – P (x = 4) – P (x = 5) – P (x = 6) = 1 – . 762 = . 238 Slide 22 Example: SJJT, Inc. (A) ? Service Rate Distribution Question What is the mean service rate per hour? Answer Since Joe Ferris can process an order in an average time of 2 minutes (= 2/60 hr. ), then the mean service rate,  µ, is  µ = 1/(mean service time), or 60/2. m = 30/hr. Slide 23 Example: SJJT, Inc. (A) ? Service Time Distribution Question What percentage of the orders will take less than one minute to process? Answer Since the units are expressed in hours, P (T ; 1 minute) = P (T ; 1/60 hour). Using the exponential distribution, P (T ; t ) = 1 – e- µt. Hence, P (T ; 1/60) = 1 – e-30(1/60) = 1 – . 6065 = . 3935 = 39. 35% Slide 24 Example: SJJT, Inc. (A) ? Service Time Distribution Question What percentage of the orders will be processed in exactly 3 minutes? Answer Since the exponential distribution is a continuous distribution, the probability a service time exactly equals any specific value is 0 . Slide 25 Example: SJJT, Inc. (A) ? Service Time Distribution Question What percentage of the orders will require more than 3 minutes to process? Answer The percentage of orders requiring more than 3 minutes to process is: P (T ; 3/60) = e-30(3/60) = e -1. 5 = . 2231 = 22. 31% Slide 26 Example: SJJT, Inc. (A) ? Average Time in the System Question What is the average time an order must wait from the time Joe receives the order until it is finished being processed (i. e. its turnaround time)? Answer This is an M/M/1 queue with ? = 20 per hour and m = 30 per hour. The average time an order waits in the system is: W = 1/( µ – ? ) 1/(30 – 20) = 1/10 hour or 6 minutes Slide 27 Example: SJJT, Inc. (A) ? Average Length of Queue Question What is the average number of orders Joe has waiting to be processed? Answer Average number of orders waiting in the queue is: Lq = ? 2/[ µ( µ – ? )] = (20)2/[(30)(30-20)] = 400/300 = 4/3 Slide 28 Example: SJJT, Inc. (A) ? Utilization Factor Question What percentage of the time is Joe processing orders? Answer The percentage of time Joe is processing orders is equivalent to the utilization factor, ? /m. Thus, the percentage of time he is processing orders is: ?/m = 20/30 = 2/3 or 66. 67% Slide 29 Example: SJJT, Inc. A) Solution ? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F Poisson Arrival Rate Exponential Service Rate Operating Characteristics Probability of no orders in system Average number of orders waiting Average number of orders in system Average time an order waits Average time an order is in system Probability an order must wait G ? m H 20 30 Po Lg L Wq W Pw 0. 333 1. 333 2. 000 0. 067 0. 100 0. 667 Slide 30 M/M/k Queuing System ? ? ? ? ? ? Multiple channels (with one central waiting line) Poisson arrival-rate distribution Exponential service-time distribution Unlimited maximum queue length Infinite calling population Examples: Four-teller transaction counter in bank †¢Two-clerk returns counter in retail store Slide 31 1 ? P? n ? m ? P0 , for (n ? k) ? n! ? ? n ? ? m ? P0 , for (n ? k) ? ? ? 1 n k ? 1 1 km ? ? ? ? n! ? m ? ? k! ? m ? km ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? k! k n ? k P? 0 P w ? n ? k ? 1 ? n ? 0 ? n 1 ? ? P(n ? k ) ? ?m? ? k! ? ? k km P0 , km ? ? k ?m ? ? m ? ? ? ? ? ? L? P0 ? 2 m (k ? 1)! (km ? ? ) W? L ? , Lq ? ,r ? km Lq ? 1 ? L? , Wq ? W ? ? m m ? Slide 32 General Operating Characteristics Little’ s F low Equations : L (or W ? ) ? Lq (or Wq ? ) ? L ? ?W L q ? ?Wq W ? Wq ? 1 m Slide 33 Problem: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? A Tax consulting firm has four service stations (counters) in its office to receive people who have problems and complaints about their income, wealth and sales taxes. Arrivals average 80 persons in an 8 hour service day. Each tax advisor spends irregular amount of time servicing the arrivals which have been found to have an exponential distribution. The average service time is 20 minutes. Calculate the average no. of customers in the system, average no. of customers waiting to be serviced, average time a customer spend in the system, average waiting time for a customer in queue. Calculate how many hours each week does a tax advisor spend erforming his job? What is the probability that a customer has to wait before he gets service? What is the expected no. of idle tax advisors at any specified time? Slide 34 Example: SJJT, Inc. (B) ? M/M/2 Queuing System Smith, Jones, Johnson, and Thomas, Inc. has begun a major advertising campaign which it believes will increase its business 50%. To handle the increased volume, the company has hired an additional floor trader, Fred Hanson, who works at the same speed as Joe Ferris. Note that the new arrival rate of orders, ? , is 50% higher than that of problem (A). Thus, ? = 1. 5(20) = 30 per hour. Slide 35 Example: SJJT, Inc. (B) ? Sufficient Service Rate Question Why will Joe Ferris alone not be able to handle the increase in orders? Answer Since Joe Ferris processes orders at a mean rate of  µ = 30 per hour, then ? =  µ = 30 and the utilization factor is 1. This implies the queue of orders will grow infinitely large. Hence, Joe alone cannot handle this increase in demand. Slide 36 Example: SJJT, Inc. (B) ? Probability of n Units in System Question What is the probability that neither Joe nor Fred will be working on an order at any point in time? Slide 37 Example: SJJT, Inc. (B) ? Probability of n Units in System (continued) Answer Given that ? = 30,  µ = 30, k = 2 and (? / µ) = 1, the probability that neither Joe nor Fred will be working is: 1 P0 ? k ? 1 ( ? / m )n (? / m ) k km ? ( ) ? n! k! km ? ? n? 0 = 1/[(1 + (1/1! )(30/30)1] + [(1/2! )(1)2][2(30)/(2(30)-30)] = 1/(1 + 1 + 1) = 1/3 = .333 Slide 38 Example: SJJT, Inc. (B) ? Average Time in System Question What is the average turnaround time for an order with both Joe and Fred working? Slide 39 Example: SJJT, Inc. (B) ? Average Time in System (continued) Answer The average turnaround time is the average waiting time in the system, W. Lq = ? µ(? / µ)k (k-1)! (k µ – ? )2 P0 = (30)(30)(30/30)2 (1! ((2)(30)-30))2 (1/3) = 1/3 L = Lq + (? / µ) = 1/3 + (30/30) = 4/3 W = L/ (4/3)/30 = 4/90 hr. = 2. 67 min. Slide 40 Example: SJJT, Inc. (B) ? Average Length of Queue Question What is the average number of orders waiting to be filled with both Joe and Fred working? Answer The average number of orders waiting to be filled is Lq. This was calcula ted earlier as 1/3 . Slide 41 Example: SJJT, Inc. (B) ? Formula Spreadsheet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A B C D E F Number of Channels Mean Arrival Rate (Poisson) Mean Service Rate (Exponential ) Operating Characteristics Probability of no orders in system Average number of orders waiting Average number of orders in system Average time (hrs) an order waits Average time (hrs) an order is in system Probability an order must wait G k ? m H 2 30 30 Po =Po(H1,H2,H3) Lg ## L =H6+H2/H3 Wq =H6/H2 W =H8+1/H3 Pw =H2/H3 Slide 42 Example: SJJT, Inc. (B) ? Spreadsheet Solution 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A B C D E F Number of Channels Mean Arrival Rate (Poisson) Mean Service Rate (Exponential ) Operating Characteristics Probability of no orders in system Average number of orders waiting Average number of orders in system Average time (hrs) an order waits Average time (hrs) an order is in system Probability an order must wait G k ? m H 2 30 30 Po Lg L Wq W Pw 0. 333 0. 333 1. 333 0. 011 0. 044 1. 000 Slide 43 Example: SJJT, Inc. (C) ? Economic Analysis of Queuing Systems The advertising campaign of Smith, Jones, Johnson and Thomas, Inc. (see problems (A) and (B)) was so successful that business actually doubled. The mean rate of stock orders arriving at the exchange is now 40 per hour and the company must decide how many floor traders to employ. Each floor trader hired can process an order in an average time of 2 minutes. Slide 44 Example: SJJT, Inc. (C) ? Economic Analysis of Queuing Systems Based on a number of factors the brokerage firm as determined the average waiting cost per minute for an order to be $. 50. Floor traders hired will earn $20 per hour in wages and benefits. Using this information compare the total hourly cost of hiring 2 traders with that of hiring 3 traders. Slide 45 Example: SJJT, Inc. (C) ? Economic Analysis of Waiting Lines Total Hourly Cost = (Total salary cost per hour) + (Tota l hourly cost for orders in the system) = ($20 per trader per hour) x (Number of traders) + ($30 waiting cost per hour) x (Average number of orders in the system) = 20k + 30L. Thus, L must be determined for k = 2 traders and for k = 3 traders with ? = 40/hr. nd m = 30/hr. (since the average service time is 2 minutes (1/30 hr. ). Slide 46 Example: SJJT, Inc. (C) ? Cost of Two Servers P0 ? 1 k ? 1 (? ? n? 0 / m )n ( ? / m ) k km ? ( ) n! k! km ? ? P0 = 1 / [1+(1/1! )(40/30)]+[(1/2! )(40/30)2(60/(60-40))] = 1 / [1 + (4/3) + (8/3)] = 1/5 Slide 47 Example: SJJT, Inc. (C) ? Cost of Two Servers (continued) Thus, Lq = ? µ(? / µ)k (k-1)! (k µ -? )2 P0 = (40)(30)(40/30)2 1! (60-40)2 (1/5) = 16/15 L = Lq + (? / µ) = 16/15 + 4/3 = 12/5 Total Cost = (20)(2) + 30(12/5) = $112. 00 per hour Slide 48 Example: SJJT, Inc. (C) ? Cost of Three Servers P0 ? 1 k ? 1 (? ? n? 0 / m )n ( ? / m ) k km ( ) n! k! km ? ? P0 = 1/[[1+(1/1! )(40/30)+(1/2! )(40/30)2]+ [(1/3! )(40/30)3(90/(90-40))] ] = 1 / [1 + 4/3 + 8/9 + 32/45] = 15/59 Slide 49 Example: SJJT, Inc. (C) ? Cost of Three Servers (continued) (30)(40)(40/30)3 Hence, Lq = (15/59) = 128/885 = . 1446 (2! )(3(30)-40)2 Thus, L = 128/885 + 40/30 = 1308/885 (= 1. 4780) Total Cost = (20)(3) + 30(1308/885) = $104. 35 per hour Slide 50 Example: SJJT, Inc. (C) ? System Cost Comparison 2 Traders 3 Traders Wage Cost/Hr $40. 00 60. 00 Waiting Cost/Hr $82. 00 44. 35 Total Cost/Hr $112. 00 104. 35 Thus, the cost of having 3 traders is less than that of 2 traders. Slide 51 How to cite Queuing Theory, Essay examples

Monitoring Operations Of The Organisation †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Why Is It Necessary To Have A Continuous Reporting Regime For Disclosure Entities And Is It Effective? Answer: The predicament is mainly identified from the annual report of Surfstitch Ltd, which is directly reflects overall decline in operational capability of the company after the exit of Justin Cameron in 2015. In addition, management of Surfstitch Ltd was not able to control the increasing expenses, which is directly affecting financial stability of the organisation. Moreover, the organisation has high-end administrative costs and selling distribution costs, which is directly increasing in nature and hampering the overall net profit. The rising expenses of the company have mainly declined its ability to generate the required profit, which could support its financial activities in near future. This mainly increased predicament in the overall financial stability of the organisation (Market Index 2017). Mentioning about the 2015 goodwill, investment in subsidiary and cash position The evaluation of the annual report of Surfstitch Ltd for 2015 mainly portrayed goodwill of $73,832,000. In addition, the investment in subsidiary was mainly identified at $70,197,000 and the cash cash equivalent position of Surfstitch Ltd was detected at $40,837,000 (Market Index 2017). Mentioning about the 2016 impairment costs, selling distribution and administrative expenses in the profit and loss statement: In 2015, the impairment cost was not used in the annual report, whereas in 2016 the impairment cost increased to $88,999,000, as portrayed in the annual report. Moreover, the evaluation of annual report also portrayed an increment in the selling and distribution levels of $44,683,000 in 2015 and $101,268,000 in 2016 for Surfstitch Ltd. In addition, the administrative expenses of Surfstitch Ltd in 2015 mainly stood at $7,424,000 and in 2016, it stood at $49,237,000. Hence, organisations overall financial stability mainly declined over the period of two years, where it could directly affect its financial stability (Market Index 2017). Providing relevant recommendations whether to buy, hold or sell Surfstitch Ltd shares and why: The evaluation of overall annual report and specified expenses of Surfstitch Ltd could mainly helps in identifying the financial viability of the company. Therefore, it could be identified that the financial stabilities of the organisation is not achievable in near future. In addition, the current financial predicament of Surfstitch Ltd is mainly declining, which is in turn hampering the profitability generation capability of the company (Gopalan and Hogan 2014). The current financial stability of Surfstitch Ltd is mainly declining, as relevant expenses have been increasing. The losses of the company have relatively increased in 21016 as compared to 2015. Hence, the evaluation mainly helps in identifying the relevant (Market Index 2017). Therefore, from the evaluation of the share price of Surfstitch Ltd, it could be identified that the company is losing high-end value in the share market. This is relatively declining the overall financial stability of the organisation and hampering the relevant income generation capacity of the organisation. The share price has fallen drastically over the period of 2 years, where investors should avoid investments in the company. Moreover, the investors having share of Surfstitch Ltd should sell it, as the company is not portraying any future prospects. The evaluation of the readings provided for the identification of the significance for continuous disclosure mainly portrays the relevant reason for the continuous reporting regime. The continuous disclosure measure that is been imposed by the Australian authorities has mainly helped in reducing the excessive manipulations, which could be conducted by organization. The evaluation of the case of Surfstitch Ltd mainly helps in identifying that the organisation used the disclosure measures to portray wrong information to the shareholders. Moreover, the financial stability of the organizations are mainly determined by the continuous disclosure measures, that the company is liable to disclose all the relevant information regarding the decision taken for future growth of the organization. In this context, Beekes, Brown and Zhang (2015) mentioned that implementation of continuous disclosure measures could eventually help in identifying the relevant financials conduction of the company, whic h could allow investors to make adequate investment decision. The evaluation of the research paper mainly evaluates the disclosures that is been conducted by the companies during 2000. This mainly helped in evaluating the significance and viability of the future projection disclosure, which is been conducted by the companies to portray their financial conduction. Thus, research paper was mainly focused in providing relevant information of the organization that is been presented in 2000, where there was no adequate measures conducted by the Australian government. Hence, the overall research paper was mainly conducted on the old data, which there was no specified measures that was been conducted by the ATO. On the other hand, Seamer (2014) argued that some of the companies mainly use the disclosure measure to inflate their share price, which could increase their market capitalization. Previously of the companies mainly presented data in their annual report without adequate research and valuation, Therefore, the projected valuation of the companie s were not adequate, which directly prompted the use of reliable valuation method by the organization. Consequently, the implementation of continuous disclosure measure needs to be conducted, as the relevant changes in the annual report could be identified. The article mainly states that use of continuous disclosure measure could eventually allow the investor to detect the relevant changes in the annual report that could be conducted due to the decision taken by the management. Mayorga (2013) mentioned that with the helpful of continuous disclosure measure investors are mainly able to identify the changes in revenue and net profit that could be generated by the organization. The overall evaluation of the article Australias continuous disclosure system: clear or confused?, mainly helps in identifying the relevant confusion conducted by the continuous disclosure system. In addition, the article mainly states that the continuous disclosure system that is been imposed by the ASX mainly increases the confusion among investors regarding operations of the organization. The relevant unethical measures that could be used by the organization with the help of continuous disclosure measure were mainly depicted in the article. Moreover, the article mainly evaluates the measures taken by David Jones for increasing demand for the company, whose demand for the takeover bid could be identified (Hempel 2015). In addition, the experiment conducted by David Jones was mainly seen that relevant discourse regarding the takeover bid mainly forced in increasing demand for the shares of the company among potential investors. These experiments mainly helped in identifying the impa ct of continuous disclosure measure, which could be conducted by organization. The author mainly identified the listing rules of 3.1.A.3, where relevant measures could be identified that needs to be maintained by organization before disclosing any new information. Therefore, it could be identified that the companies with the help of continuous disclosure measure are mainly able to portray the changes in the annual report. Hence, it could be identified that the measures taken by David Jones could mainly help in generating the relevant measures, which in turn could help in reducing the manipulative measures conducted by companies, David Jones directly identified the overall loopholes in the continuous disclosure nature, which is been used by the organization. In this context, Di (2014) mentioned that ASX with the help of continuous disclosure measure are mainly able to identify the relevant companies that are complying with the rule laid down by the Australian security exchange divisi on. Consequently, in the article, it is mentioned that AASB will take relevant measures in controlling the disclosure information, which is been conducted by companies through the ASX portal. Thus, adequate measures and recommendation needs to be implemented by ASX, which could help in reducing the unethical measures that is been conducted by organization (Truong and Nguyen 2017). There are different types of rules that need to be followed by organization before adequately conducting the disclosure requirements laid down by ASX. In addition, the relevant continuous disclosure measure needs to be evaluated with certain criterias, which could help organizations to determine the reliability of the information that is been disclosed. Therefore, the criterias that needs to be evaluated are depicted as follows. If the information is trade secret of the organization If there is any breach of cetin law, while disclosing the information Understanding the information is generated for internal management If the information is not complete on the negotiations and proposals Thereafter, from the evaluation of the above criteria mentioned in ASX, companies are not able to present non-conformed information to the investors. This mainly helps in reducing the excess unethical measures, which could directly affect the share price of the organization (Price 2014). Hence, the use of continuous disclosure measures is mainly needed in Australia, as it might help in reducing the affect of 2008 financial criticizes. In addition, it also helps in reducing the manipulations, which could directly be conducted by the organization to inflate their share price. Furthermore, the continuous disclosure measure, which is mentioned in the Continuous Disclosure: an arbitrage guide, mainly states different types of measures, which are used by companies to adequately publish relevant news through ASX platform. Relevant information is mainly listed, which could be disclosed by the companies to their shareholder. In this context, Lewis 2015) mentioned that ASX platform could adequ ately be used by companies for providing relevant inflation to its shareholders, which could directly have impact on the financial report. Therefore, it is mainly estimated that use of continuous disclosure measure allows investors to identify the relevant impact of news, which could affect financial stability of the organization. Moreover, the continuous disclosure measures could also help in raising reliability of the information that is been given by the organization. During the financial crisis annual report of companies were mainly manipulated, which directly projected wrong information regarding future profitability (Feigin et al. 2016). Therefore, the measures that is been used by ASX is mainly helpful in reducing unethical measures that could be implemented by organization in their financial report. Hence, disclosure measure could be used with certain limitations, where companies are not able to provide information regarding verbal agreement. The overall announcements and disclosure should only be conducted on written agreement that has been conducted by the company. This could eventually help in reducing any ki nd of unethical measures that might be taken by the organisation. Thus, use of disclosure measure is viable and essential for the entire organisation that is operating in Australia and is public limited (Ferguson, Feigin and Kean 2013). There is a relevant points mentioned in the article, the research paper, and ASX disclosure measures mainly state that Adequate measures need to be maintained by Australian authorities, as it is essential for monitoring operations of the organisation.Hence, the use of continuous disclosure measure could be implemented with certain restrictions on unethical news display. The article 3.a could be developed more for the 4 reducing any kind of unethical measures used by companies as portrayed by David Jones in the news article. Thus, it could be identified that use of continuous disclosure measure would eventually help investors reduce the risk from investments (Prokofieva 2014). References Beekes, W., Brown, P. and Zhang, Q., 2015. Corporate governance and the informativeness of disclosures in Australia: a re?examination.Accounting Finance,55(4), pp.931-963. Carnegie, G.D. and OConnell, B.T., 2014. A longitudinal study of the interplay of corporate collapse, accounting failure and governance change in Australia: Early 1890s to early 2000s.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,25(6), pp.446-468. Chang, M., Hooi, L. and Wee, M., 2014. How does investor relations disclosure affect analysts' forecasts?.Accounting Finance,54(2), pp.365-391. Di Lernia, C., 2014. Empirical Research in Continuous Disclosure.Australian Accounting Review,24(4), pp.402-405. Feigin, A., Feigin, A., Ferguson, A., Ferguson, A., Grosse, M., Grosse, M., Scott, T. and Scott, T., 2016. Evidence on why firms use different disclosure outlets: Purchased analyst research, investor presentations and Open Briefings.Accounting Research Journal,29(3), pp.274-291. Ferguson, A., Feigin, A. and Kean, S., 2013. Gold mine feasibility study disclosure in Australia: Determinants and implications.Resources Policy,38(1), pp.8-17. Gopalan, S. and Hogan, K., 2014. Ethical Transnational Corporate Activity At Home And Abroad: A proposal for reforming continuous disclosure obligations in Australia and the United States.Colum. Hum. Rts. L. Rev.,46, p.1. Hempel, S., 2015. Is my company listed on Chi-X? Technically no, but.Governance Directions,67(5), p.267. Lewis, K., 2015. Changes to Continuous Disclosure Guidance Note 8.Governance Directions,67(10), p.584. Market Index. (2017).Surfstitch Group Limited. [online] Available at: https://www.marketindex.com.au/asx/srf [Accessed 8 Sep. 2017]. Mayorga, D., 2013. Managing continuous disclosure: Australian evidence.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,26(7), pp.1135-1169. Okongwu, U., Morimoto, R. and Lauras, M., 2013. The maturity of supply chain sustainability disclosure from a continuous improvement perspective.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,62(8), pp.827-855. Price, J., 2014. Continuous disclosure.Governance Directions,66(1), p.6. Prokofieva, M., 2014. Twitter-based dissemination of corporate disclosure and the intervening effects of firms' visibility: Evidence from Australian-listed companies.Journal of Information Systems,29(2), pp.107-136. Seamer, M., 2014. Does Effective Corporate Governance Facilitate Continuous Market Disclosure?.Australian Accounting Review,24(2), pp.111-126. Truong, T.P. and Nguyen, N.N., 2017. Regulatory Enforcement, Financial Reporting Quality and Investment Efficiency: A Pitch.Accounting Research Journal,30(1).