Ernest Miller Hemingway

Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist. His distinctive writing style, characterized by economy and understatement, influenced 20th-century fiction, as did his life of adventure and public image. He produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Hemingway's fiction was successful because the characters he presented exhibited authenticity that resonated with his audience. Many of his works are classics of American literature. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works during his lifetime; a further three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously. Hemingway was born and raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After leaving high school he worked for a few months as a reporter for The Kansas City Star, before leaving for the Italian front to become an ambulance driver during World War I, which became the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms. He was seriously wounded and returned home within the year. In 1922 Hemingway married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives, and the couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a foreign correspondent. During his time there he met and was influenced by modernist writers and artists of the 1920s expatriate community known as the â€Å"Lost Generation†. His first novel, The Sun Also Rises, was written in 1924. After divorcing Hadley Richardson in 1927 Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer; they divorced following Hemingway's return from covering the Spanish Civil War, after which he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls. Martha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940, but he left her for Mary Welsh Hemingway after World War II, during which he was present at D-Day and the liberation of Paris. Shortly after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea in 1952 Hemingway went on safari to Africa, where he was almost killed in a plane crash that left him in pain or ill-health for much of the rest of his life. Hemingway had permanent residences in Key West, Florida, and Cuba during the 1930s and '40s, but in 1959 he moved from Cuba to Ketchum, Idaho, where he committed suicide in the summer of 1961. Elements of Fiction Plot, Setting, Character, Conflict, Symbol, and Point of View are the main elements which fiction writers use to develop a story and it’s Theme. Because literature is an art and not a science, it is impossible to specifically quantify any of these elements within any story or to guarantee that each will be present in any given story. Setting might be the most important element in one and almost nonexistent in another. Just as a Crime Scene Investigator cannot approach a crime scene look for a specific clue (e. g., shell casings), you as a reader cannot approach a story decide to look for a specific element, such as Symbol. To assume could blind you to important elements. Both the CSI team and you must examine the entire â€Å"area† carefully to determine what is present and how it is important. With that understanding, let’s examine the elements.

How Spongebob Effects The Brain

Pants, the wildly popular Nickelodeon has been under buzz as the cheerful, buzzing sponge can threaten a child's normal development. After much research, studies have shows that the television program has many characteristics that would make a child perform half as well as a child watching a public access cartoon. The every 1 1 second scene change during the T. V show doesn't defend the case anymore, as that causes mass confusion amongst the kids.Aiding to the case Is the total anta education message portrayed, thus making this show blindsided. The plebeian conundrum of the program has created a mass boom amongst a child who enjoys watching this show and also the countless medical professionals who are trying to dissuade parents. Research and countless studies have shown that 4 year olds who have watched nine minutes of Sponge, preformed only half as well as the children who spent the same amount of watching Callous which is a PBS show or drawing.This conundrum Is stated when head re searcher Brown stated â€Å"Technology is great, but we also want to explore how does that impact our 38) When the children are asked to perform four tasks such as playing games that involve rules, the non Sponge watching kids did significantly worse than the children that did not partake in the watching of the show. Eleven seconds doesn't seem Like a long time but It Is plenty of time to ruin a child's thinking capability.According to Christians, a professor of psychology at the university of Washington ; Sponge Squarest' constant rate of the program has a negative and a permanent detrimental effect on the wellbeing of the children. During a single nine minute episode, has over 30 changes with a very fast speed that leave the kids confused causing them to zone out or spun up. This is making the researchers think that the slower(but less amusing shows) that have about 2 changes per episode to be much better for the health of the children.Unlike Dora and Sesame Street which teach th e viewers how to read and write, Sponge entertains the children using utter stupidity and unrealistic motions. This shows children the negative behavior that they should not be portraying in the real life atmosphere. Many child psychologists state that there should be a educational factor that would aid In the learning of the children and also have a factor that can aka the children learn positive behavior.This show Is a negative role model for children as they are like clay, the way they are molded, is the way they will be. The negative harm that this show can cause on children is undetermined. There are many that state that this could be a permanent reaction while many state that this is a short lived reaction but all say that there Is a negative prospect of watching reactions that this would have, but there are some that are positive such as the lack of performance, confusion and of course bad habits. This would be a problem that can have countless problems yet to come.

BMW Differentiates Itself Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BMW Differentiates Itself - Essay Example BMW is one of the first firms to incorporate the idea in its vehicles in Europe and Asia markets. Its continued research has led to the adoption of efficient dynamics technology. The enhancements have led to the production of vehicles producing less than 140g of carbon dioxide per kilometer. The technology incorporates the interaction of electric motors and combustion engines in the vehicles as a strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The differentiation has increased its competitive advantage against rival firms because most customers are cautious about the pollution levels while purchasing vehicles (Mahnken, 2012). BMW has also launched the e0drive model that runs on electricity making it its first vehicle to use green energy. The BMW hydrogen runs purely on hydrogen fuel in an approach to conserving the environment. The differentiation took place in 2004 before most of the rivals had invested in environmental saving techniques in their production of automobiles. Secondly, BMW has employed latest technological enhancements in its vehicles. It has installed onboard diagnostics systems that can be used to monitor the car’s operational and management modes remotely. The company had a time advantage of installing the technology before most of its rivals. Moreover, the firm has used the knowledge to come up with strong and light vehicles to enhance speed through the use of carbon fiber materials. Technology has also facilitated changes in aerodynamics, transmission and safety of its customers; hence having a competitive advantage. Thirdly, BMW has integrated human emotions and with the production of its vehicles. Its designs awaken customer emotions and passions through providing the tastes and preferences of the customers. The automobile company has mostly ventured in luxury vehicles. Clients can customize their vehicles through by changing features such as color and physical looks while making their orders. The customer-firm connection is not found in

Peculiarities of Movies' Promotion as Intangible Products Assignment

Peculiarities of Movies' Promotion as Intangible Products - Assignment Example Movies are deemed intangible or experiential because they appeal both to the senses and the emotions. Movies, unlike tangible products such as toothpaste, have experiential attributes like â€Å"the original movie’s storyline, its genre, and memorable scenes. These attributes are typically featured in movie trailers and television ads; hence, they should be relatively easy to recall. In contrast to physical goods, we suggest that experiential attributes such as the storyline and genre tend to satiate such that consumers prefer to experience something different in the sequel; hence, dissimilarity is preferred to similarity†   (Sanjay Sood). There are three studies completed in the research article to examine four hypotheses. If you were planning the marketing strategy of a sequel, which hypothesis would be the most interesting to you? Which study? Why? The most interesting fact for someone planning a marketing strategy is Hypothesis 2: There will be an interaction between naming strategy and order of presentation in sequel evaluations. Numbered extensions will be rated more favorably when the title is presented after the description that when the title is presented before the description. There will be no significant difference in sequel evaluations when a naming strategy is used. This hypothesis is highly confirmed by Study 2. The study has the following findings: The pattern of interactions between presentation order and naming strategy suggests that numbered-sequel evaluations involved a greater degree of assimilation, indicating a greater reliance on the original movie as a basis for evaluations. When the numbered title was shown after the sequel description, respondents took longer to evaluate the sequels, they recalled more about the sequels, and they evaluated the numbered sequels more favorably. On the other hand, Consistent with a more piecemeal processing strategy, named sequels took longer to evaluate, and recall of sequel information was higher relative to a numbered sequel   (Sanjay Sood).

Horizontal Bullying in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Horizontal Bullying in Nursing - Essay Example The essay "Horizontal Bullying in Nursing" represents various violent activities taking place in the nursing workplace, these include horizontal bullying, verbal and nonverbal attacks, violence that is horizontal and lateral in nature and anger. Such actions take place at different levels within the profession of nursing. These activities are experienced at the level of the nurse to nurse, physician, to nurse, nurse to physician and patient to nurse. Bullying can be verbal in nature; this takes place when the receiver of a message interprets the message to be harsh and aggressive in nature. Ample amount of research has been conducted in the field of nursing in the nation of Australia regarding the subject of violence and bullying, researchers in these nations denotes workplace aggression with the term bullying. The term bullying comprises of three elements, firstly an act is referred to as bullying in nature only when the person being treated feels that the act was bullying like and the act does not depend on the intention of the person who has conducted the act. Secondly, if an action needs to be referred to as bullying, it should negatively impact the victim. Lastly, an act is regarded as bullying when the same act is continuously carried out even knowing that the act is negatively affecting the victim. Bullying can arise at different levels such as the supervisor, the subordinates or coworkers can all indulge in the act of bullying. Therefore, horizontal bullying can be of both physical and vocal in nature.... Kind Horizontal bullying can be of both physical and vocal in nature and in the field of nursing, the prevalence of verbal bullying is more witnessed. Farrell states that verbal horizontal bullying consists of any kind of ill treatment that is verbal in nature and this kind of treatment makes the victim feels that he has been attacked either in personal or professional manner and the victim might experience humiliation (Vessey, 2010). This kind of treatment can take both overt and covert forms, researchers state that the highest percentage of communication that arises is nonverbal in nature and this causes ambiguity and may have much more impact on an individual than attacks that are overt in nature. Overt bullying and covert bullying can take several forms, over bullying may include criticizing, shouting and name calling for another individual and covert bullying may consist of ignorance, whining and sarcastic behavior against another subject (Hutchinson, 2010). Intention The intent ion that one nurse has for attacking another nurse by finding faults in them and their working and by complaining behind their back is to conduct an attack, ensure that a coworker is devalued and punished in the organization and to make him/her look bad in the eyes of others (Ferns, 2009). Several times the nurse who conducts the act of horizontal bullying is not conducting the act intentionally and the reason for conducting the act provided by them is because they feel that they are maintaining high standards of quality care by their actions. Nursing is a profession that is based upon the concept of caring and in such a profession, behaviors such

Letter discussing favorite person in history Assignment

Letter discussing favorite person in history - Assignment Example Even though I had visited the Sistine Chapel a few times, but my visit had a special purpose this time. After this class in Humanities, I felt more sensitive towards the beauty of the Sistine Chapel. The frescos painted by Michelangelo fascinated me the most. In this paper, I would be discussing one particular fresco, The Creation of Adam. The Creation of Adam is one the most acclaimed fresco paintings created by the Italian sculptor and painter, Michelangelo. This painting holds an important place in art history because of the techniques involved in creating the painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. The fresco is fourth part of a series of nine panels where Michelangelo has depicted stories from the Book of Genesis. In this particular painting, the artist intends to narrate the biblical scene when God gave life to Adam, the first man. However, Michelangelo here adds his own variation to the story. In the original biblical story, God breathed life into Adam through his nostrils. In the painting, on the other hand, God is giving life to Adam through just the touch of his finger. The painting depicts God stretching his hands to give life to Adam who is lying down listlessly while God, supported by his angels is giving life to Adam. Michelangelo has created a resemblance between God and Adam. He does this keeping in mind the Old Testament which states that Man is created in likeness with God. The perfect body of Adam has also been created to bear resemblance with God (Spielvogel, 256). At the same time, there is a stark contrast between the two. Michelangelo has been able to create God at a higher level than man. He does this by making God appear as a Celestine being who is flying in space with his angels. There is flexibility in God while Adam appears to be quite languid. This particular painting belongs to the Renaissance art period. Renaissance art was a

Enveloping and PeakVue Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Enveloping and PeakVue - Research Paper Example Due to its high precision, the method is able to detect the emission of stress waves caused by direct contact of adjacent metallic surfaces at an early stage. Generally, through spectral analysis the frequency of repetition of the stress waves is availed. By peakvue, the resonance zones are isolated through use of filters. Capturing the peak values for particular intervals of the selected sampling time is done through the application of high frequency clustering of signals with over one hundred kilo Hertz. The method goes through four stages The initial stage in which the low frequency signals are eliminated by taking the entire signal through a high pass filter. The amplitudes are run through the accelerometer which detects the measurements and is able to classify them according to the initially specified cut-off frequency level. All the measurements reading below the designated cut-off level are classified together. They are effectively eliminated which implies that only the high f requency readings- those above the cut-off level, proceed to the second phase of the analysis procedure. By elimination it means that such values are truncated from the recorded measurements such that their consideration ends at that phase. The second phase that involves the digital conversion of frequency. The high frequency signal is changed from its initial analog form to digital form in order to begin the spectral 0246analysis. Normally, high frequency values will be recorded for particular sections along the surface of the bearing. Therefore whenever the metallic surfaces come into contact during the rotation, the frequencies hit a peak. If special readings were availed at phase two for any specific time duration, it will be analyzed here. If for specified time duration the amplitude levels of the converted signals read beyond a predefined threshold it is then matched to a digital value. The essence of this matching is that it is not always possible to produce signals with equa l frequencies, even when the components are running on a fairly flat or even ground. This could be the result of instantaneous change in the position of the load, continued distribution of the lubricant along the colliding surfaces, and varying positioning of the emerging fault. Therefore, the simplest way to conclude that the frequencies were derived from a ‘certain’ spot along the surface of the bearing is to cluster all measurements within a certain range. These measurements clustered together are then assigned a specific digital value, which identifies them together. The display is rendered once the digital value corresponding to the particular time interval is processed using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm. The FFT algorithm works out the Discreet Fourier Transform and the corresponding inverses. To obtain the Discrete Fourier Transform, a sequence of amplitude values is decomposed to form components of varying frequencies. The frequencies so formed are categorized according to their closeness, that is, according to pre-determined intervals. The classification is done with reference to how often a specific range acquires numerical frequency. For example if the outlier frequency is too scarce, the measurements thus classified can be overlooked and ignored. If there is higher consistency in the numerical frequency of measurements with

Social Class and Class Conflict in Jane Austens Persuasion Essay

Social Class and Class Conflict in Jane Austens Persuasion - Essay Example The Elliots are a titled and landowning family, and so, in the conception of traditional, aristocratic society, they enjoyed a secure position. However, Austen highlights in Persuasion just how unstable this position was becoming by the 19th century, and the very real risks which could threaten the fundamental happiness of gentry women. Sir Walter, obsessed with his position as a baronet, overspends in order to maintain what he regards the traditional lifestyle of his class, and brings huge debts upon the family. This forces his daughters to move out of their childhood home – Kellynch Hall – and see strangers move in, who are members of the upwardly mobile middle class – people who, through prosperous trading ventures or, more respectably, through clerical, medical and naval careers, were gaining wealth and influence in the 19th century. At the same time as being forced from her home, Anne Elliot must live with the knowledge that she was persuaded, through the ad vice of the aristocratic Lady Russell, to give up marriage to the man she lived because of his lack of wealth and connections. A key point is that women at the time were unable to own wealth or property, and were therefore curtailed in any attempt to gain economic security. As the character of Mrs Smith shows, the consequences of a husband’s or father’s death could be severe, and could leave a woman destitute and excluded from society. In the novel, the naval career is presented as means by which wealth and a certain elevation of status can be achieved in life, although the traditional landed aristocracy might still descry the ambition of the lower sorts. However, Austen might be accused of a gentle subversion of the rigid class system of the time, in the favorable way she presents the upward social mobility of characters like the Crofts and Captain Wentworth. Of course, even a good start in the naval career is shown to rely on influential contacts, when Admiral Croft says of Captain Wentworth’s charge of the Asp: ‘lucky fellow to get anything so soon, with no more interest than his’ (Persuasion, 51), with ‘interest’ surely referring to influential people working on behalf of his interests. Nevertheless, once given a commission, a captain could make large profits, especially in a time of war as at the turn of the 19th century, when Britain was at war with France, and booty from captured ships supplemented pay. Captain Wentworth comments, ‘Ah! Those were the pleasant days when I had the Laconia! How fast I made money in her’ (Persuasion, 52), while the Admiral even says ‘if he have the good luck to live to another war’ (Persuasion, 55), clearly eyeing potential profits. Austen seems to favor the navy as a career most after the clergy, and not only in Persuasion. She uses it in this novel, however, as the model by which people can be promoted and achieve success and prosperity on the basis of their personal merit, rather than their ancestry. Indeed, such a meritocratic system is anathema to Sir Walter, who is obsessed with heredity. This obsession with his status as a baronet reaches a comic level when we see him repeatedly reading and re-reading the entry on him in the Baronetage, no doubt the famous Debrett’s Peerage and Baronetage, first published in 1802 (Ross, 196). Sir Walter is convinced that this status gives him some natural superiority, and yet, on comparison

Developing Tyrrells Potato Chips Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Developing Tyrrells Potato Chips - Essay Example For this purpose it may resort to more advertising, other promotions, offering discounts and better customer service. It can also try to compete by making its operations more efficient and thus bring down its costs. Alternatively, it can try to increase its economies of scale by more investment. Sometimes existing market may become so saturated or uneconomical that companies may enter new markets with existing products. Such a strategy falls under the category of market development. The obvious example is the entry of multinational companies into new markets with existing products they were selling in the home country or other markets. This entry could help the company to transfer loyalties of customers to buy its own products. This is very effective if the product is a well-known brand in the world and is being made available for the first time or in large quantities. If a new product is manufactured by a company and it tries to sell it in the same market it operates, then it is classified under product development. The company is confident that its new product will be attractive in the existing market itself. Companies try to market the new product to existing customers or even get new customers to buy them. The product could be completely new or can be used as accessories or add-ons to its existing products. â€Å"Sell new products or services in current markets. These strategies often try to sell other products to (regular) clients. These can be accessories, add-ons, or completely new products. Cross Selling. Often, existing communication channels are used.† (Product/Market Grid (Ansoff) 2008). Product diversification is an instance where a company develops or acquires a new product and market in an entirely new place. There are four ways of diversification that can be used by a company.

Leadership Motivation and Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership Motivation and Performance - Essay Example Teachers also encourage students to improve their class and exam performances. Encouragement acts as a positive feedback for students that makes them repeat their performances in order to meet their teacher’s expectations. Encouragement motivates students to excel in their educational careers by showing good grades. Here, one point that is worth mentioning is that teachers should always have strong set of perceptions so that that can use their thinking abilities to design task-oriented and easy to understand learning methodologies for students. They should use their perceptual skills to identify hidden potential of students and use them to refine their learning abilities. Moreover, they should have a variety of strong attributes that can inspire their students and eventually improve their personality traits. Teachers can definitely become more effective by becoming more aware of these processes. They can use their cognitive and perceptual sets to solve their students’ learning difficulties, as well as to formulate new learning strategies for them. Similarly, they can use their level of performance expectations to change their teaching strategies accordingly and bring the desired improvement in their students’ performances. Moreover, they can also use their personal attributes, such as, creative and innovative thinking, openness, commitment, integrity, visionary outlook, and dedication to improve their teaching style and eventually bring improvement in students’ class and exam performances. â€Å"Teachers must be the perfect role models of honesty and integrity† (Slick, 2011). Students go to schools for learning and personality development. They not only learn things from their syllabus but also from their teachers who are their actual mentors. When teachers w ill have a strong and influencing personality, students will definitely like that and will try to adopt as much personality traits of their teachers as they can. Therefore, perceptual set,

Prejudices in Workplace Essay Example for Free

Prejudices in Workplace Essay Part I Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: †¢ Race †¢ Ethnicity †¢ Religion †¢ Gender †¢ Sexual orientation †¢ Age †¢ Disability |Category |Stereotype 1 |Stereotype 2 |Stereotype 3 | |Race | People say black people are lazy. |People say white people are smart |People say Jews are cheap but | | | |and blonds are dumb. |rich. | |Religion |Wiccan Pentacle Study, worship the|Gothic people are very weird and |Muslims are terrorist and women | | |devil. |violent.|are beneath them. | |Sexual Orientation |When someone see a feminine man |When someone sees masculine women |People say homosexuality is wrong | | |and call him gay. |she is a lesbian. |and immoral. | Part II Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? The aspects of positive stereotypes can be positive if a person know the difference and have the knowledge to understand what a person may be stating. If we prefer to someone as a â€Å"jock† we are acknowledging that this person is into sports. A person that is known to be preferred to by â€Å"Gothic† or â€Å"Punk† is because of the type of music they listen to and the type of clothing they wear. Usually no one is offended by this because it is factual and evident and these are positive aspects of stereotypes. What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? The negative aspects of stereotypes are the lack of understanding, the ignorance, and the labeling of someone to hurt their feelings as an individual or a group of people. A person may see a female with a short hair cut like a man and call them a dike without getting to know who that person is and assuming that this is what they are. Part III Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. Define stereotypes and prejudice. What is the difference between stereotyping and prejudice? Use examples to illustrate the differences. Stereotype is something conforming to a fixed or general pattern, a standardized mental picture that is held in common by members of a group and that represents an oversimplified opinions, prejudiced attitude, or uncritical judgment. Prejudice is prejudgment and negative attitude based on sex, race, age, sexual orientation, nationality, socioeconomic status, and religion towards an individual or group of people. The difference between stereotype and prejudice is that stereotype is standardized beliefs about people based on some prior assumptions. Prejudice is a type of judgment or assumption about somebody before having sufficient knowledge to judge with accuracy. Example of stereotype is all policemen eat donuts. Example of prejudice is an organization that hires more males and reject females are known to be prejudice. What is the relationship between stereotyping and prejudice? The relationship between stereotyping and prejudice is that stereotyping promotes prejudice and that prejudice reduction depends on stereotype change. Prejudice also influences the extent of stereotyping. The important theoretical tradition posits that this effect emerges because prejudice encourages the use of stereotypes as a means to justify societal inequality (e.g. , Allport, 1954; Katz Braly, 1933; Lippmann, 1922). What can be done to prevent prejudice from occurring? Intolerance stems from ignorance and arrogance this go hand in hand and people need to understand and have the knowledge not to pre-judge people. In order to prevent prejudice from occurring we need to begin now with the way we are raising our children and teach them not to be judgmental and preconceive people before we get to know someone. Teach them not to assume to not like someone because of the color of their skin or where they come from. People are people no matter what they may look like, getting to know a person is very important and not to judge a book by its cover. Have rallies of all race and culture so people can have a better understanding of others. It starts at home teach your children a better way so that they will understand life in a better perspective. Reference: Voices. yahoo. com/stereotyping, Psychology. about. com, www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary, azam. org.

Attending Skills Essay Example for Free

Attending Skills Essay Bolton, in his book People Skills (1979), describes attending as giving all of your physical attention to another person. The process of attending, whether you realize it or not, has a considerable impact on the quality of communication that goes on between two people. For example, by attending you are saying to the other person I am intersted in what you have to say, however, a lack of good attending communicates that I really dont care about what you have to say. The body can be used as a tool to facilitate good communication. This is done through positioning the parts of the body so that they invite and hold an interpersonal relation. A relaxed alertness expressed by body posture seems best suited for fostering good communication. Bolton offers these suggestions to establish a posture of involvment: * Lean toward the speaker. This will communicate energy and attentiveness. * Face the other squarly (i. e. , your right sholuder to the speakers left). This communicates your involvment. It is especially important for you to position yourself so that you are at eye level with the speaker if you are seen as a authority figure. This will circumnavigate feelings of threat and can greatly aid in forming an interpersonal relationship. * Maintaining an open posture is also important for fostering interpersonal relatedness. A closed posture (i. e. , crossed arms and or legs) often communicates coldness and defensiveness. * You also need to be aware of your proximity to the speaker. We all have a concept of personal space. When those boundaries are crossed it puts the other on the defensive and makes them feel uncomfortable. However, to much distance communicates aloofness and disconectedness. Body motion, its a funny thing! Have you ever paid attention to what your hands were doing during the course of a conversation? Some of us simply shove them in our pockets or let them hang aimlessly by our sides. Then there are others, like me, who tend to fling them around as if to place some kind of emphasis on each word! There is such a thing as too little and too much. Body motion is good but it can be over done if you are not careful. The purpose of gesturing when you are listening is to encourage the speaker to continue speaking. This can most easily be done with a periodic head nod. A good listener moves his or her body in response to the speaker. Effective eye contact says that you are visually attuned to what the speaker is saying. Good eye contact involves focusing on the speakers face and occasionally shifting the focus to other parts of the body. The key is that the other is aware that they have your attention because your eyes are on them. Good eye contact should seem natural to the other person. What ever you do, dont stare them down. This makes you seem anxious and sometimes critical of them. The environment where the communication takes place is also an important factor in whether an interpersonal relationship can be formed. It is not always posible to move the conversation into a private room or office, but every attempt should be made to reduce the number of distractions that are present. In his book, The Skilled Helper (1998), Gerad Egan offers what he has labled the Micro Skills of Attending. The are very close to the infomation I have presented above from Boltons People Skills. He has developed the following acronym to help counseling students remeber these vital skills in communication. The listener has a specific responsibility in the course of communication. That is to stay out of the speakers way and to try and follow where he or she is leading. The goal of listening is not responding but understanding what is trying to be communicated. A door opener is a noncoercive inivitation to talk. Sometimes door openers are not necessay to get the ball rolling, but may be needed later in the conversation if the speaker does not seem to want to continue. Door openers dont have to be verbal cues, a good listener can also use his or her body to send the signal I am interested, you have my attention, please tell me more. The four elements of a door opener, as discussed, by Bolton are; (1) A discription of the other persons body language (i. e. , you dont look like you are feeling well today. ) (2) An invitation to talk (3) Silence (to give the other person time to decide if they want to talk and what they are going to say. ) (4) Attending (this inclueds all of the attending sk ills that are discused on the attending skills page. ) What on earth are minimal encourages? In the attempt to follow it is important not to become a nonparticipant in the conversation. Minimal encourages refers to the amount the listener speakes and the amount of direction the listener gives to the conversation, which should be very little. Sometimes encouragement is needed but the speaker needs to remain in control of the conversation. The same is true for questioning as is for encouraging. The problem is not questioning itself but the fact that most people do not do it well. Most people ask closed questions that only require specific and short answers such as yes and no. The trick is to ask open questions that are designed to spur the conversation on when it gets stuck. This means that questioning will be relatively infrequent. Finally, attentive silence is one of the most important elements in following the listener. We live in a culture in which silence is not comfortable. We often inturpert it as a cue that we need to jump in and say something. In fact, silence is an opportunity for the speaker to reflect on what he or she has said and to gather their thoughts before their next statment. What we say is not as important as giving the speaker the time he or she needs to clearly communicate their point. An important aspect of listening is to help the listner clarify his or her communication so that they can get their meaning across. To practice reflective listening is to serve as a mirror for the person speaking. One way that the speaker can do this is through paraphrasing. A paraphrase is a conscise response to the speaker that restates the essence of the communication in the listeners own words. The paraphrase deals with facts or ideas and not the emotions. In this respect it focuses the content of the speakers message. Another aspect of reflecting is the mirroring back of the speakers emotions as they make their statments. It is important to tune into the speakers emotions. If we, as listeners, miss the feeling content we have missed a major part of the speakers reaction and experience. Reflecting feelings also give the speaker an opportunity to evaluate how he or she is responding to a problem situation. Not only should the listener reflect feeling, he or she also needs to reflect meaning. Content + feeling = meaning. Sounds simple, doesnt it? But, if you get the feelings wrong or the content wrong then you cant understand the speaker. Reflecting meaning alows you to be sure you are getting what the speaker is saying. Reflecting feeling and content are the baby steps to reflecting meaning. Meaning expression can use the basic empathic formula; you feel _______ because _________ , or some variation on this formla. After a while the formula will disaper and a natural empathic responding style will develop. Finally, there is the concept of sumative reflections. This reflective response is designed to recap the major themes of the conversation and comes after an extended period of the conversation. During the course of the conversation bits of useless information can acrue. The sumation can serve to help the speaker to sort through the litter and to construct a more complete and compact conceptualization of the issue being discussed.

International Business Management Marketing Essay

International Business Management Marketing Essay 1.0 Executive summary This report details subject of exporting which includes the reasons why companies internationalize and the measures the should undertake before pursuing export strategies. The systematic approach have been discussed in detail. We have talked about the two export strategies available in any organization pursuing the export strategy. We have also talked about the different types of direct and indirect exporting(which are the two main strategies of exporting, indirect and direct exporting). The benefits that the organization gain from pursuing them and how best to go about them. They have been discussed in detail , every advantage comes a disadvantage they have talked about the pitfalls that come with pursuing the strategies. Exporting strategy in general has been discussed . I have used a small company based in the United States to discuss the benefits and drawbacks of exporting. 2.0 METHODOLOGY Mainly the information in this report was from text books. Also through the discussion with fellow colleagues, debates also contributed to the information gathered in the report. The internet through the world-wide web also made contribution to the information contained in the report. 3.0 INTRODUCTION Exporting refers to strategy of producing products or services in one country (often the producers home country) selling and distributing them to customers located in other countries. Many organizations use exporting as an entry strategy . It is flexible and in the case where the product is not doing well due to the changes in the environment the firm can easily put out without incurring sufficient costs. Exporting is one of the cheapest and less risky ways of internationalizing. Internationalizing business refers to the performance of trade and investment activities by the firms across the borders. There are many ways that can lead a firm to internalize. The main reasons are: To seek opportunities growth through market doors diversification, substantial market potential exists outside the home country. To earn high profits, for many types of products and services market growth in mature economies is sluggish or flat These are some of the main reasons why most companies internationalize or export their product. At a broadest level firms internationalize or export to enhance competitive advantage.Cavusgil et al (2008 p5,p17) 4.0 THE SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO EXPORTING According to Cavusgil et al (2008, p.391-394) There is need for an organization to have a systematic approach before exporting the goods and services. The more experienced managers use a systematic approach to improve the firms prospects for successful exporting by assessing potential markets, by organizing the firm to undertake exporting, acquiring appropriate skills and competences and implement export strategies. The following steps are taken and examined in detail: 4.1 First step: Asses global market opportunity Managers will assess the firms readiness to internationalize, then choose the most appropriate country market and partners. The look at the readiness of the firm and its products. Tools like CORE (Companies readiness to export available online at global edge) are undertaken. Managers will assess the most attractive markets , potential distributors and identifies the industry market potential. Visiting promising countries is a significant approach because managers are able to understand the Customers needs, competitive environment and other external factors. 4.2 Second step: Organize for exporting Managers make decisions about what degree of the firms involvement, resources to be committed and the type of domestic and foreign intermediaries to hire, what sort of time-table the firm should pursue to achieve export goals and objectives. 4.3 Third step: Acquire skills and competences The firm acquires skills and competences to handle export operations. It trains staff and engages appropriate facilitating firms (such as freight forwarders, bankers and international trade lawyers) The reason as to why companies do this is because of the complexity of export transactions. The company can either launch a new product or use the adaption strategy when opportunity countries vary in terms of infrastructure; finance in the customer purchases hence the need for managers to gain internationally oriented capabilities. 4.4 Fourth step: Implementing exporting strategy Here managers will make decisions about product adaptation, marketing communities; pricing and supporting foreign subsidiaries and intermediaries. Product adaptation is the modifying a product to suit the needs and tastes of buyers in the target market. A good example is when Microsoft company in Germany, it must ensure that the software is written in Germany. Market adaptation refers to modifying advertising , selling style, public relations and promotional activities to suit individual markets, this of course will depend on the target market, the nature of the product and the firms position in the markets relative to competitors. Identifying and analyzing the four steps available to the organizations (which is known as the systematic approach) will help it decide which export strategy to pursue. They are to main strategies available namely direct and indirect exporting. The both have their advantages and disadvantages . it is important to understand and asses them. Firms selection on which strategy to pursue should be relative to the products or services. Certain products may be favorable with direct exporting while others will not. 5.0 EXPORTING INDIRECTLY With this approach a company engages intermediaries located in the firms home market. The intermediaries or intermediaries or firms are capable of finding foreign markets and buyers for its products. Export trading companies (EMs), export trading companies (ETs), international trading consultants and other intermediaries can give the exporter access to well contracts. Yet the export can still retain considerable control of the benefits of exporting, such as learning more about foreign competitors new techniques and market opportunity. The following are the independent organizations within the exporters domestic market, these are; Domestic-based merchants (export) who take time hire to the products and sell abroad Piggy-banking, this is where the exporter uses the overseas distributing facility of another facility Co-operations organizations, these act on behalf of a number of products and are partly controlled by the producers of primary products such as fruit nuts export through co-operative organizations Domestic-based export agents who sell on behalf of the exporter, these are usually paid on commission. Jobber(2007,p.956) 5.1 Advantages of exporting indirectly Indirect exports dont require a lot of organizational effort , staff workers . even if a company operates on export department, it emphasis only on a small number of employees, as the main work is carried out by foreign trade partners who have obtained an order. Indirect exporting can relatively move out of the market if it turns out that it does not match its goals and objectives. 5.2 Drawbacks of exporting indirectly During exporting, not all goods and services can be sold on the international market. Technically complex goods for example plasma screens, computers and some gadgets will not be suitable for indirect exporting. Although in the of indirect export exit to foreign market demands small financial and human resources it is not always effective in the long run. It leads t de-minimizing returns. Trading partners try to get maximum profits from their services as mediators. This leads to the rise of transfer of goods and services to a retailer with small profits for the enterprise. Besides the latter cannot acquire its own experience in foreign market has no information on the wishes of clients the behavior of competitors and general economic conditions in individual countries. Not all the brokers are usually the optimum market potential and opportunities for marketing. This allows in miscalculations and mistakes in various actions they undertake. This affects the income of producers or exports of goods. A good example is where certain foreign markets are not optimal goods that may be offered to exporters. The price can be set without taking into account specific parts of the market. The company exporting indirectly is deprived of direct communication with the end uses. This includes transition to other forms of work in the markets. Advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect exports CBS (Anon n.d.) 6.0 EXPORTING DIRECTLY This approach is the most ambitious and difficult. The exporter handle every aspect of the exporting process from market research and planning to foreign distribution collections, substantial commitment of management time and attention is required to achieve good results. However this approach maybe best way to achieve high profits and growth with reasonable assistance and guidance from the department of commerce, state trade offices freight forwarders, international banks and other service groups. 6.1 TYPES OF DIRECT EXPORTING Companies usually use agents and distributors in some or all of their exports abroad. It has been estimated that over 60percent of US companies go for some or their export activity. In the European firms figures it rises to 70percent. Agents may be exclusive, where the agreement is between the exporter and the agent alone; semi-exclusive, where the agent handles the goods along with other non-competing goods from companies ; or exclusive, where the agent handles a variety of goods, including some that they may compete with exporter products. Distributors are different from agents , the take hire to the goods and payment ( to the distributors) is according to the differences between the buying and selling prices rather than commission. Distribution are only appointed when after-sales service is required to they are more likely to posses the necessary resources than agent. The advantages of both agents and distributors are that they are acquainted with local market, customs and conventions, existing business contracts and foreign nationals. They have a direct incentives to sell through either commission or profit margin, but since their remuneration is tied to sales they way be reluctant to devote much time and effort to developing a market for a new product. Also the amount of market feedback may be limited as the agent or distributor may see themselves as a purchasing agent for customers rather than selling agent export. 6.2 Domestic-based sales representatives Since he is a company employer he has direct control of activities. When the company is not comfortable with the way agents and distributors are handling their product they can engage a sales representative to performance most of the activities. Company employs will apply more commitment to the customer; which may seem absent in the distributors and agent consequently they are often uses in industrial markets where there are a fewer large customers that require close contract with suppliers and where the size of orders justifies the expense of foreign travel. 6.3 Overseas sales/marketing office or subsidiary This is a bigger customer commitment in this choice than using domestic-base sales representatives. The major concern with option is the huge amount of investment required . however, the exporter may be seen to be an indigenous supplier, this improves the chances of achieving market success. In some markets, where access to distribution channels is limited selling direct through an overseas sells office maybe the only feasible way of breaking into the market. The sales office or subsidiary acts as a center for foreign based sales representatives, handles sales distribution and promotion and is a customer service center. 6.4 The internet Companies can now export directly to customers through the global reach of the internet. By creating a website overseas consumers are aware of the firms products and can order directly. The internet is not only on demand to market but also used as a useful research tool. Sites like the international growth offer skills and resources for specific industries for example system and computing services companies. Jobber(2007,p.957-959) 6.5 Advantages of direct exporting Through direct export target management and the control of sales become possible which is unrealistic on the case of direct export The exporting company establishes the direct contact with a foreign partner and not only operates through its own foreign trade companies abroad but also has the best opportunities for direct participation foreign transaction. Direct export is applicable to a wide range of goods and services. By exporting a larger number of financial and human resources is covered than in the case of indirect export The advantage of direct exports are especially apparent in the export and supply of company products and services, the sales of which would not have been possible through foreign trade companies and export firms. This applies, above all to those goods and services that have a small degree of standardization and high-line scheme. 6.6 The main drawbacks of direct exporting While direct exporting is applicable to a wider range of goods and services, for certain goods and services direct export is considered inappropriate in the same way as indirect. This applies to goods that are due to short work life and cannot or unlike be exported; goods which may be associated with high transport costs, goods which require complex after sale service which cannot by resellers Direct export is fraught with difficulties for enterprises of economic kind, such are those associated with deterioration of exchange rates. If the rate of domestic or currencies of third countries increases in markets However compared the indirect exporting, the exporter must dedicate more time, Personnel and Corporate Resources in developing and managing operations. Advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect exports CBS (Anon n.d.) 7.0 THE EXPORT STRATEGY International transactions that involve the exchange of product are home based international trade activities, such as global, sourcing, exporting and countertrade. Here we are concerned about exporting and its advantages and disadvantages available for the firm. For us to understand the advantages and disadvantages we will discuss a company in brief and talk about what benefits and drawbacks exporting provides. Vellus product. Inc, a small company in the USA that makes gloaming products such as customized shampoos, conditioners, brushing sprays and detangles. According to the Doherty(the president of the firm) shampoo for the people dont work well on pets because animals skin is more sensitive than humans and easily irritated. Vellus first export sales was to a Taiwanese importer who purchased $25,000 worth of products to sell at Taiwan toy shows. The word was I started calls from people around world says president. Vellus has become quite familiar with the cultural aspects of various regions. Cavusgil et al (2008, p.381-382) 7.1 The exporting advantages available for Vellus Since Vellus is a small organization which has the potential to grow, exporting will increase its overall sales, improving market share and general profit margins that are often favorable than the domestic market. A good example in relation to Vellus, a Taiwanese importer who purchased $25,00 worth of products and many knew the product and the demand for the product increased. Increase in demand results into growth in market share which would later increase sales volume. Building up on the above advantage would add on to say increase in market share and demand would mean Vellus producing on a a large scale hence increasing economies of scale and reducing cost per unit of manufacturing. Exporting will diversify customer base, reducing dependency on home markets. To date, Vellus has exported its products to Australia, Canada, China, England, Norway and South Africa roughly half of its revenues come from exporting. From this we can say Vellus has diversified customer base in different countries and has also reduced its dependency on domestic market as half of its revenue has come from foreign markets. Exporting also stabilizes fluctuations in sales associated with economic circles or seasonality demand. For example Vellus can offset declining demands at home due to economic recessions or unforeseen environmental factors by refocusing efforts to other countries doing good in their economy. If Vellus faces high risk in foreign markets such as foreign currency fluctuations, unstable political environment into what is happening in the Ireland now where the economy has taken its turn to the worst, or decrease in demand for its product it can withdraw from the market. Exporting minimize flexibility and maximize risk. Since Vellus does not require a physical presence when pursuing an export strategy in foreign markets there is a lower cost of entry. Vellus can use exporting to test new markets before committing great resources through foreign direct investment. 7.2 The drawbacks of exporting Since exporting does not require a firm to have physical presence in a foreign market (in contrast FDI) , Vellus has fewer opportunities to learn about customers, competitors and other unique aspects of the market. Although Vellus has acquired information about some cultural aspects in some markets it may lack the full details which can be important in decision making. Having general knowledge of the target would prove dangerous as significant aspects such as what drives customers specific demand, however do our customers look at our competition and what policies government is pursuing. Exporting requires the firm to inquire capabilities and dedicate organizational resources to properly conduct export transaction. For small firms like Vellus limited resources can limit the way would conduct the export strategy. Exporting requires management to put more time and effort to learn about freight for forwarders, documentation, foreign currencies and new financing methods. The acquisition of such capabilities can put a strain on small businesses like Vellus who might not have the required resources and competencies to meet them. Compared to other entry strategies exporting is much more sensitive to tariff and other trade barriers as well as fluctuations in exchange rates. Into trade barriers Vellus might find it difficult to export to European markets due to unfavorable conditions( barriers) that apply if you are not in Europe or a member of the European union(EU). In relation to the exchange rate we will give an example: the US dollar gained 12% against the Euro and 15% against the Yen. This led to a slow growth of US exports harming those firms that rely heavily on exporting for generating international sales. Exporters run the risk of being priced out of foreign markets. Cavusgil et al (2008, p.389-391) 8.0 CONCLUSION The role of small medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in exporting is growing. In the United States SMEs have less than 500 employees although in Europe and elsewhere where firms may have fewer than 500 employees to qualify SMEs. Many governments have undertaken aggressive campaigns to help SMEs to become exporters. The world bank assists SMEs to develop their business skills. SMEs do not require large export markets they mainly carter for niches. Exporting in general has risen in recent years because its seen as a less risky and most flexible entry strategy.

Cratique on Losses Essay -- Essays Papers

Cratique on Losses The Poem â€Å"Losses† written by: Randall Jarrell, who was a poet, literary critic, and teacher, from New Orleans, served in the United States Air Force during World War Two. This helped Randall Receive most of his ideas and material for poems like this one. â€Å"It was not dying: everybody died. It was not dying: we had hied before In the routine crashes-and our fields Called up the papers, wrote home to our folks, And the rates rose, all because of us.† When people died in war it didn’t impact the majority of the people in the United States, they would just contact the papers or whoever sent the letters to there family and went on fighting the war. â€Å"We died on the wrong page of the almanac, Scattered on mountains fifty miles away; Diving on haystacks, fighting with a friend, We blazed up on the lines we never saw.† When Randall referred to people dying on the wrong page of the almanac, this just meant that when people died they were marked down as a casualty of war and not of natural death. Scattered allover the land fitting with a friend or maybe someone they have just met and never saw before. The line they never saw before is the line between them and whom they were fighting. They couldn’t see this line but they new it was there and what was needed to be done to cross this line. The soldiers were not that old, at one point Randall says,† We died like aunts or pets or foreigners. (When we left high school nothing else had di...

Gertrudes Suicide :: essays research papers

Gertrude’s Suicide? In the Shakespearean tragedy "Hamlet," Prince Hamlet’s mother Gertrude encounters many misfortunes, which she feels that she is to blame for. Gertrude was brought into the middle of everybody’s dilemmas and thus felt responsible for the occurrences that happened to all of the significant characters throughout the play. She allows her emotions to build up in an unhealthy manner and this leads to her eventual death. The question that surrounds her death is whether she committed suicide or led a natural demise? This is an unknown fact because on the night of her death she drank a poisoned cup of wine which was meant for Hamlet. However there was a possibility that Gertrude knew that the wine had deadly toxins in it. Although there is no definite guarantee that she committed suicide, the evidence is overwhelming that she knew that the wine was tainted. Prior to the opening of the drama, Gertrude was having an incestuous affair with her husbands brother, Claudius. Claudius then killed his brother (King Hamlet), and shortly after married Gertrude. Prince Hamlet could not handle this and was disgusted by the entire situation. He then decided to put on an "Antic Disposition," meaning that he will pretend to be crazy in order to find out the details of what is going on. Gertrude observes that Hamlet is not his usual self, and she feels responsible because her remarriage is so soon after her old husbands death. This makes Gertrude feel absolutely terrible and could be a possible justification for suicide. The Chief Counselor of Denmark, Polonius and his family, play a big role in determining the motivation of a possible suicide. Hamlet was in the midst of avenging his fathers death, to kill Claudius. He was having a conversation with his mom when he heard someone in the room spying on them. Thinking it was Claudius, he drew his sword and stabbed though the curtain where the impostor was in concealment. It turned out to be Polonius, who was now dead, and again Gertrude couldn’t help but feel accountable. Polonius’ daughter Ophelia was affected dramatically by his death. She was romantically involved with Hamlet, and couldn’t handle the fact that her boyfriend murdered her father. This destroyed Ophelia’s character and led to her suicide. Polonius’ son Laertes, had now lost his entire family and wanted to get revenge by assassinating Hamlet. Laertes was having a meeting with Claudius and they were planning the details of how to kill Hamlet.

A Precious Gift :: Personal Narrative Essays

A Precious Gift Education has always been considered very important in my family. Prior to the earliest time I can remember I am told that my mother and father read to me nightly. My family has a deep background in books, my father being a collector, and my mother working at a library. My father loves books, in every way I can think of. He loves to read them, as do the rest of my family, but he has a collector's interest in books that we lack. He once wondered to a local library to check if they had a book sale. They did indeed have a book sale, and he bought quite a many books from their shelves. Soon he became a volunteer, and then the organizer, and soon had his own key to the library. As the relationship between my father and I goes, I started going with him to the book sale. I loved reading and I helped him a little also. We discovered that the special semiannual book sale was coming up. I came with my dad that morning and we began carrying boxes of books out to the tables. We observed a tag sale across from us that apparently went hand in hand with our sale. I was given the job of collecting money, and the day was going well, for we had already made nearly four hundred dollars for the library. At one point a small boy began his ascent up the small hill from the tag sale. He was only seven or eight by my estimate, and went directly to the table marked 'children.' After a minute or two he had found four or five books that he liked, put them in a neat pile and started his way back down the hill to the tag sale. Nearly a minute later he came back with a rather sad look on his face. "What's the matter?" I asked him as he took the pile and placed the books back on the table. He shrugged and I pushed. "You don't want those books?" I asked. I could tell he was shy. We already had something in common. "No, I can't get them." "Oh? Why not?" I asked. I could sense that he wanted them. "Because my mother won't give me the money for the 'stupid books.

Japanese Food †General Analysis and Comparison to American Food Essay

It is generally true that different countries have distinct cultures. The culture of a country is shaped by various factors unique to that country, directly affecting it during its historical development. An example of such factors is geography. The geographic nature and location of a country dictates what resources it may have; a country surrounded by water tends to depend on the aquatic life for food, while a country endowed with vast fields of fertile land tends to feed its citizens through harvested crops. As one can infer, the food source of a country is in a direct relationship with its culture. This concept in turn supports the development of unique variants of food, also defined as its local or traditional food. The United States of America and Japan, in this sense, are two vastly different cultures with diverse food variants. The American continent, although of course surrounded by bodies of water, has a vast land area which it is known for. This prompted the development of the country to be generally agricultural and crop-based. Hence, corn and potatoes are considered as its staple food. Japan, on the other hand, is considerably less in terms of total land area; therefore, the development of its agriculture is quite limited and crop variants held to a minimum. The whole population instead focused its attention on the sea as a limitless source of food. Such basic differences in food also result in additional variance to the details regarding it. Suggested food intake, nutritional claims, health claims are expected to be different to a certain extent between the two. Health issues are expected to vary as well. Hence, the American food culture and the Japanese food culture are expected to be distinctly different with consideration to these aforementioned points of comparison. Methodology In order to begin the analysis of the characteristics of the food from the unfamiliar Japanese culture, a direct sampling of Japanese food is required. Hence, the first major portion of the methodology requires that a restaurant serving authentic Japanese cuisine is to be located within the locality. After choosing one, also keeping in mind that the price range is well within the reach of the researcher’s budget, a sample Japanese dish is to be ordered or bought. If possible, the method as to how the dish is prepared should be properly observed and noted. The characteristics of the dish should also be considered and inspected. Specific details in terms of taste and appearance are to be listed down. If possible, the constituents of the dish or its basic ingredients are also to be identified. After assessing such details regarding a sample dish of Japanese cuisine, a more technical and research oriented approach towards analysis is to be started. The second main segment of the methodology pertains to the technical and research oriented part of the study. Specific details regarding the whole Japanese food culture are to be determined. Further research into the Japanese food culture and its historical development is to be accomplished. Further insights regarding the differences with the American food culture and standards will be provided by searching for the occurrence of a localized food pyramid as well as rules or guidelines for food labeling, health claims, and nutrient content claims. Also, health concerns regarding food in the Japanese culture will also be taken into account. The common health problems, its sources and effects, will be established. Resulting data from the two main sections of the research method gathered through such methods will be properly collated and completely analyzed afterwards. Results Upon locating a restaurant that offers authentic Japanese cuisine, a choice was made to order a highly popular and common Japanese specialty, the sushi. In this case, an unlimited amount of sushi was made available, each variant served in differently colored plates riding on top of a conveyor belt like mechanism. There were so many variants of sushi, making the process of identification more troublesome. Fortunately in this case, each plate was properly labeled. The first variant of sushi sampled is called the nigiri sushi. In physical form, the nigiri sushi mainly consists of hand-shaped rice with a single kind of topping per serving. This variant is however not simply a single kind as there were notable difference in toppings between servings. There were four main types of nigiri sushi served; one type had squid as topping, the second had shrimp, the third had raw fish, and the fourth was egg. Upon immediate sampling, the shrimp, and squid were notably very lightly cooked, if cooked at all. The thin slices of fish served as toppings were obviously uncooked. Also, no additional flavor was added to enhance the flavor of these two toppings. The egg however, was noticeably scrambled and sweetened. The rice below the topping, aside from being shaped, had no detectable additional flavoring. The second variant of sushi sampled was considerably more complex in both structure and appearance. Called as the maki sushi, this variant evidently had more ingredients. There were two main types of maki sushi sampled, futo maki and hoso maki. In both, a thin dried seaweed preparation, known in Japan as the nori, covers the outer area of the flat circular shaped sushi. Another common ingredient noticed for this variant is cucumber, sliced in small portions and apparently used fresh with no additional cooking procedures. Carrots were also noted to be present in both types, having been prepared in the same manner as the cucumbers. The last notable similarity between the two is the use of caviar. The nature and source of the caviar was not determined; the only detail noted regarding it was that it was commonly used as additional toppings or dispersed within the sushi. In terms of differences, the main distinguishing factor between the futo maki and the hoso maki is the inclusion of fish. Of the two, only hoso maki had slices of fresh raw fish, known to be commonly tuna, interspersed within the roll. As an additional note, the sushi variants were dipped in a mixture of Japanese soy sauce and a spicy paste known as wasabi, with the resulting ratio dependent on one’s preferences. After discussing the structure and constituent parts of the sampled dish in detail, findings regarding the taste are placed in focus. It is noticeable that the overall taste of the sushi alone is quite simple and plain, and at the same time pleasant and cool. It draws its appeal from the combined flavor of its parts. Such taste is expected since the parts used are neither seasoned nor flavored in any matter. However, upon the addition of the wasabi and soy sauce concoction, the sushi is given a stronger flavor, mainly a combination of salty and spicy taste. Upon completion of the sampling phase of the study, research was done to determine the historical context of Japanese food. Japan is one of the several island based countries throughout the world which is mainly surrounded by the sea, and along it also contains several bodies of water; hence, even from the early points of Japanese history, food is commonly gathered from aquatic sources (Minnesota State University [MSU], n. d. ). Since fish and other aquatic creatures such as shrimp, crabs, squid, octopus, and urchins, are commonly associated with the Japanese diet, people tend to think that the Japanese consume these exclusively. This however, is not the case in reality. The Japanese also consume various land grown products including well known ones like eggplants and carrots, along with rice which is considered as their staple food (MSU, n. d. ). Another subject of research conducted in the study is concerned with something more current: government issued guidelines and policies regarding the food industry as well as the presence of a food pyramid. Specific points analyzed include food labeling, health claims, nutrient content claims, and of course, the food pyramid. Details regarding food labeling, health claims, and nutrient content claims were not very much analyzed in this case, but rather, the focus was placed upon whether such policies exist. In terms of food labeling, it has been noted that a similar system exists in Japan in comparison to other countries such as America. In fact, there has been a movement by the Japanese government to further increase the scope of the law, making it considerably more stringent in comparison to those of other countries (Gale Group Incorporated [GGI], 2008). As for laws regarding health claims, Japan has a well-defined and extensive policy system, pointing out specific categories for health and nutrient claims and requirements for the application of companies for such claims to be approved for their product (National Centre of Excellence in Functional Foods [NCEFF], 2004). Japan currently has a well-adapted food pyramid. Commonly encountered food items in Japan are included as examples; some of these are rice, miso, honey, soy sauce, milk, soy milk, tofu, fish, clams, plums, and kelp (Southeastern Michigan Dietetic Association [SEMDA], 1998). The final aspect looked upon in the research was regarding the usual health problems accompanying the local cuisine. Given the fact that Japanese food preparations often utilize raw to lightly cooked seafood, parasitic organisms is a usual threat (Ransom, n. d. ). Examples of these parasitic organisms are worms which latch on to various areas of a person, usually the gastrointestinal tract, in order to provide themselves vital nutrients. Another problem arising from their preference towards seafood is the possible occurrence of heavy metals in the flesh of sea-based organisms due to global environmental problems (Ransom, n. d. ). Discussion The results point out evident differences and similarities between the American and the Japanese food cultures. First, regarding food preparation and taste, from what was observed with the sushi, Japanese food preparation is simpler in constituent and is also rather simpler in terms of preparation. The focus of the Japanese cooking is to maintain the natural form and flavor of the ingredients while blending well in combination. This is very much unlike the American way of cooking since the focus is usually to use a main ingredient and season or flavor it in a way that after being cooked for a certain amount of time, the food has acquired an enhanced taste. In relation to this, the Japanese cuisine has a preference towards the uncooked and seafood, while American cuisine focuses on cooking techniques and the use of beef, pork, and chicken. These differences mainly arise from the varied historical development of each country. In terms of the more technical side of food and its culture, specifically food labeling, health claims, and nutrient claims, due to the trend of globalization, it is quite understandable that in general, both Japan and America have law pertaining to food labeling, health claims, and nutrient claims. Differences on these are mainly observed when inspecting the specifics. Aside from this, both countries have food pyramids. The difference on this point pertains to the food examples written in the pyramid; the main structure and recommendations remain the same. Lastly, health issues and risks differ for both countries to a certain degree. The Japanese mainly worry about issues regarding contaminants and parasites due to seafood consumption, while the Americans worry about problems such as heart disease and obesity due to the way food is prepared. Conclusion The historical and geographic differences of America and Japan have led to a distinct difference in terms of their local cuisine. Japan focused on seafood as one of the main food sources unlike America. The staple food is also different for both countries, being rice for Japan which is rather uncommon in the United States. Hence, in relation to this, food-related heath concerns also differ for both countries. However, far from what is expected in terms of Japan and America being completely different, current trends in relation to globalization and exports have shown that in the subject of food in general, America and Japan have several points in common. These points mentioned laws and policies pertaining to food labeling as well as health and nutritional claims. Therefore, although different at various points, Japan and America evidently has certain points of close similarities in the general subject of food contrary to what is commonly thought of.

Project Report on Coffee Behaviour

Westminster multinational University in capital of Uzbek BSc in economic science with Finance 2012 2013 CW 1 (Ele manpowert 2) Group terminal Report CW 1 (Ele manpowert 2) Group nett Report To be completed by the student Students ID weigh 00001477, 00001568, 00002099, 00001506 mental faculty name interrogation Methods Module code 2UZB503 Tutor Lobar Mukhamedova several(prenominal) assignment Group assignment entering deadline 04. 04. 2013 For Academic Registrar use totally Contents Abstract3 Introduction3 Literature suss forbidden3 umber and sess4 pledgeing chocolate and Smoking cessation5 java and intoxi seatt5 burnt umber and corporal employment6 deep brown and Income6 determination6 Research question7 Research objectives7 Methodology7 Research climax and design7 Research luckting8 Study population and try on8 info Collection9 discipline parade means9 info collection append ripen9 dependableness and validity10 Reliability10 Validity10 Ethical c onsiderations10 resultant10 Data11 Estimation and Results14 Conclusion and Recommendations16 Bibliography17 Appendix 119 Questionnaire instructions. 19 Instructions on how to complete the questionnaire19 chocolate questionnaire20 Personal schooling20 AbstractThe fol misfortunateing paper discusses the briny epitopes of deep brown expending at Westminster demesne roomy University in Tashkent. Determinants such as income of serve uping, ethnimetropolis, religion, roll of baccy habits and opposite divisors argon investigated. Data was tranquil victimization online modes of retrospecting and self-administrated questionnaires. Results proved to be squ atomic subroutine 18 and revealed a negative cor sexual recountingal statistics betwixt umber bean expenditure, active modus vivendi and matrimonial attitude. In descent, unequivocal correlation amidst deep brown drug addiction income and eon was institute. opposite factors as sess, religion, foster get along age proved to be insignifi backsidet.Introduction Being the three to a greater termination or slight roughly desolated beverage in the world subsequently water and tea, cocoa berry is cute for its distinct aroma, flavor and energizing effect. put up in Ethiopia in the 9th century, cocoa basic became popular in the Arab world, was then promoted in europium and consequently developed into whiz of the most traded commodities in the world(John K. Francis, 2007). World i-year per capita pass was equal to 1. 3 kg/ mortal in 2011. America and Europe atomic number 18 the massivest hot chocolate berry consumers on per capita basis, score for 3. 9 and 3. 7 kg/person respectively, in comparison to Asiatic countries where the fair constituted 0. kg/person (World Resources Institute, 2011). Neverthe slight, the westbound chocolate utilisation habits are late starting to spread in Asia, oddly in Uzbekistan, where umber tree is considered as a fashio nable hot booze terminatee than an every twenty-four hour period necessity. The intake of two mo and insoluble burnt umber bean tree beanin Uzbekistan is limited to urban areas and is broadly speaking increasing alongside with the rising lifespan measuring rods (Euromonitor, 2011). Further more(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal) than, the rising number of umber berry shops and the popularity of cocoa houses such as Cafe Jum, Julius Meinl, platter Cafe, KafeKafe and cocoa Clubare vertical indicators of the growing popularity of hot chocolate.Literature Restance Evidence from various studies de tell a give out away that vitality standards are non the totally determinant of burnt umber intake doings. Smoking, take cessation, intoxi flocktic beverage, age, gender, level of physical occupation and income as well as escape a sufficient role in wholenesss using up patterns. In their comprehensive interrogation on coffee and associated life-style factors publish in 2010 Hewlett and Wadsworth observe a link amid caffeinated toast usance, dope and alcohol. The findings revealed that those take uping coffee were more in all probability to be smokers aged amongst 30 and 70.A nonher polish up on coffee consumption behavior in Karnataka, India published in 2008 by Varun indicated a dictatorial correlation surrounded by fostering, family surface and income on coffee demand in urban areas, whereas in the rural areas, the price was the master(prenominal) determinant influencing consumption. The rationale for the linkage of the determinants and coffee consumption is reviewedand discussed belowbased on a wide range of inquiryes and suss outs. The studies concerning coffee consumption behaviorwere obtained from EBSCO, JStor, Emerald and Google scholar readingbases.Those queryes included in the literature review are published in English, penning coffee consumption behavior press out co rrelation with at to the lowest microscope stage whatsoever(prenominal) of the modus vivendi factors and provide a expand review of the applied methodology and statistical abstract. java and Smoking S notwithstanding studies conclude that higher(prenominal) cigarette consumption among saturnine smokers is linked to highercoffee consumption. The investigation on coffee consumption patterns among army personnel byZavela et al. (1990) revealed a haughty correlation amidst womanly cigarette and alcohol consumption and manful cigarette and coffee consumption.Furthermore, the seekers set that non-smokers run for to be abstemious to coffee and alcohol consumption. In contrast, Koksal et al. (2011) in their pseudo-panel compend of US household data came to the conclusion that that coffee consumption and consumption of cigarettes and alcohol are non cor relate due(p) to the statistical insignificance of the cross price elasticities of coffee. However,even though in that location is no serial complementary relation in the observed population, the authors do non exclude the possibility that coffee and cigarettes are complements for approximately singulars. Studies by Salazar et al. and Garcia et al. hat show the receipts from about 120000 ruinicipants both, stated that more than 50% of female smokers drank at to the lowest degree 6 cups of coffeeper day, whereas only 30% of throw away men consumed at least(prenominal) 6 cups of coffee on a cursory basis. Digging even advertize into the investigate of the relation of hummer and coffee, Klesges et al. net income back a bun in the ovened a large epidemiologic debate with more than 7500 respondents. The researchers designate those consuming from maven to four cigarettes per day as light smokers, those heater from basketball team to twenty cigarettes as moderate smokers and those smoking at least twenty one cigarettes per day as heavy smokers.Further epitome revealed that light and moderate smokers where 2. 34 and 2. 84 measure more likely to imbibing coffee than non-smokers, whereas heavy smokers where 4. 23 clocks more likely to be coffee consumers. The comparison of the student savor with the habitual human bes take by Brice et al. illustrated that smokers in both trys were likely to drink more coffee in comparison to non-smokers. In the student prove (121 respondent) smokers on second-rate consumed 76 mg more caffeine than their fellow non-smokers. In the general public sample (122 respondent) smokers consumed 92 mg more than non-smokers.The mass of the academic papers revealed a verifying correlation between smoking and coffee consumption (except the Koksal et al. study). However, some of the mentioned supra studies exponent be a win to bias as most of the respondents were asked to self-report coffee consumption and smoking habits. Furthermore, studies by Zavela et al. and Brice et al. had teeny-weeny samples that did not completely repr esent the full-length population and may therefore also be addressed as aslope at some point. Nevertheless, despite the presented results, no(prenominal) of the researches, except for Benowitz et al. 2003) addressed the actual land for the coffee/smoking relation. According to the researchers smokers elect coffee due to the fact that smoking additions caffeine transfiguration and coffee contains the highest its highest dit among all opposite beverages. In rules of send to confirm the positive correlation between the bar of cigarettes smoked and coffee consumed it is essential to research the reverse side of the relation. Do those multitude that straggle smoking consume less coffee? Coffee and Smoking cessation Several studies review the relation between smoking cessation and coffee consumption andall of them reveal a positive correlation.A cross- officeal study by Fernandez et al. expound a total sample of 2621 respondents and prepare that spurn coffee consumption was associated with quitting smoking. However, the results great power be effect-modified as the health reasons for quitting where not taken into consideration during data collection. The research on smoking relapse imparted by Krall et al. revealed that people who quit smoking moreover where drinking at least 6 cups of coffee daily where 2. 33 times more likely to start smoking over again. A similar study of 116 men by Kauffman et al. eviewed that those who dont drink a lot of coffee where 12 times more likely to quit smoking successfully. Furthermore, education and age where identify as the factors positively upholding smoking cessation and where adjusted in society to throw away the effect of coffee consumption clearer. Coffee and alcohol Correlations between coffee consumption and alcohol consumption are mostly explained by ones attitude towards health. Therefore, unremarkably alcohol drinkers are less come to by their health and on add up consume more coffee than non -drinkers.Researches by Talcott et al. and Stevenson et al. prove this statement as agree to their findings, alcohol drinkers were 1. 52 times more likely to drink coffee. Schwarz et al. investigated even further and researched the relation between different alcohol drinks with coffee and tea consumption in a sample of 2400 respondents aged from twenty five to sixty four. The findings of the authors revealed that among beer, wine and other beverages only wine had a positive correlation with coffee consumption. Again the in a higher place studies have some limitations as some of them o not reveal the health conditions of the respondents. As mentioned above health is a serious determinant that can affect both alcohol intake and coffee consumption. Furthermore, self-administered essence of hive away learning were apply. Therefore, the composed data competency be prostrate to bias. Coffee and physical activity The majority of the reviewed disciplines associated high coffee cons umption with low physical activity. According to the research by Hewlett et al. less coffee consumption was associated with being earlyer and a less than anicteric lifestyle. Thune et al. onducted a survey with more than myriad respondents that indicated that both males and females with inactive jobs consumed more coffee than those that were physically more active. Therefore, coffee consumption may be associated with less unoccupied time activities and a sedentary job. It is consequential to mention the work of Mosdol et al. that researched how the changes in coffee consumption affected ones physical activity. The respondents were determined in three separates by coffee consumption. The prototypical sort out didnt drink coffee at all, the second consumed 1 to 3 cups per day and the third classify drank at least 4 cups.Furthermore, 3 physical activity level groupings were established. The results revealed that those participants that increase the amount of cups consumed pe r day were less likely to do physical exercise. Therefore, the higher is the coffee intake, the less physically active an individual is. From the methodological point of view, the limitations of the mentioned above surveys where again connected to the fact that mostly the participants were asked to self-report their levels of physical activity and coffee consumption. Furthermore, the studies researched the relation between the ii multivariates at a hotshot point of time.All of the limitations unite make it austere to identify the real connection between coffee consumption and physical activity. Coffee and Income It is evident that the relation between coffee consumption and income varies from region to region. Therefore, coffee consumption in some states comprises a evidentially lower proportion of total consumption in comparison with other countries. Hewlett et al. (1990) identify that the income elasticity is positive and less than one for all of the goods investigated (coff ee, tea, alcohol). Interestingly, the study by Varun et al. evealed that urban households purchase a larger amount of coffee and tea in contrast to rural households. Furthermore, total family income plays a more significant role in consumer decisions in urban areas, whereas family surface was the major factor in rural areas. Conclusion base on the reviewed literature most historic coffee consumption determinants were identified. Therefore, a significant correlation between smoking and coffee consumption was found. Additional research revealed that smokers on median(a) consume more than non-smokers and those who quit smoking.Furthermore, the probability of smoking relapse was higher for those ex-smokers that consumed a higher amount of caffeine. The biological relation between coffee metabolism and smoking was recognized as one of the factors to explain the correlation. Coffee consumption and alcohol intake were linked to an individuals in the flesh(predicate) healthcare choices . Therefore, high consumption of alcohol was correlated with an unhealthy lifestyle and consequently, with a higher consumption of coffee. asthmatic lifestyle was also proved to be the factor relating coffee intake with lower physical activity.Income and coffee consumption were turn up to change from region to region, with people in urban areas with higher incomes drinking more coffee in comparison with the people in rural areas. just about importantly, a research gap was found. As can be seen from the above review, none of the researchers investigated coffee consumption patterns in Uzbekistan and almost none of them investigated university students coffee consumption behavior. Therefore, it is important to ful need this gap and conduct a survey of coffee consumption patterns among students in Uzbekistan.However, due to the scarcity of resources this research ordain focus on the coffee consumption determinants in Westminster supranational University in Tashkent (WIUT). Research question What are the main coffee consumption determinants for the students of the Westminster international(a) University in Tashkent? Research objectives * To identify the main factors affecting coffee consumption behavior of WIUT students * To discover whether the findings about the positive relation between smoking and coffee consumption are applicable to WIUT tudents * To run across the discovered relations between tonality determinants and coffee consumption Methodology Research set out and design During the research a quantitative burn downing was implemented. Given (2008) secerns a quantitative research as an trial-and-error investigation of a loving phenomenon by the use of statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. Usually a quantitative approach is applied when it is necessary to statistically describe and test relations between true variables and examine cause effect relations.A descriptive (correlational) survey was used to collect essential dat a to describe the population. The descriptive survey interprets the relationships among a set of variables to develop trends and patterns in the data. Variables in this kind of a survey are not manipulated and are canvas as they occur. The survey obtains data from a population sample by means of self-report, when participants respond to a number of questions identified by the researcher. In the current research, teaching was gathered by the use of self-administered questionnaires distributed online and singly for each participant.A descriptive quantitative approach was applied because it helps to identify the causes of the interrelations in the variables. The main advantage of the employed approach is preciseness that is achieved through reliable quantitative measurement, when the imperturbable data is not manipulated. However, there are some limitations due to the objectivity of self-reports, as respondents may provide the researcher with misbegot selective data that is not accurate. Research settingThe study was conducted at the Westminster International University in Tashkent that is located in the highly enigmatical urban area in the sum of the capital of Uzbekistan. Approximately 1700 students and 90 teachers project the university. The majority of the students are locals aged from 17 to 25, most of which are a registered in the Facebook well-disposed ne iirk. Study population and sample A population is a set of all the elements that come within the study sample criteria. The consume frame consisted of teen adults aged 17 to 23 that are full-time bachelors degree students who study on levels 3, 4, 5 or 6 of the university.Masters degree students and teachers were not included in the frame as they represent an of age(p) age group that does not fit into the aim of the research to study consumption patterns among students. Due to the miss of time, resources and the impossibility of implementation, the census approach, when data is compile fro m everyone in the population,was excluded from the research. Instead, the simplex random sample approach was applied. Under this approach the sample is unruffled by randomly choosing the respondents from the take in frame.The simple random sampling approach was used because the research sample size was equal to 300, the sample frame was substantially accessible via the computer database, and interactions with the respondents were not an issue. The sample size decisions were based on a 95% potency level that the data represents the characteristics of the whole population and the 3-5% accep tabularize security deposit of error that expresses the amount of random sampling error in the results. According to the best sample size calculations and the table adequate from Saunders et al. (2003, p. 56) and assuming a 100% response rate the optimal sample size was identified to be equal to 300. The put in sample was compared with the student statistics from the university and was pro vento represent the characteristics of the university population. Data Collection Data collection instrument A self-administered questionnaire was chosen as the data collection instrument for the research. A typical questionnaire is normally a mean of collecting primary data and consists of a serial of questions that are aimed at gathering reading from the respondents.The decision to apply questionnaires as a data gathering tool was do largely due to the following factors * elevated response rates as the questionnaires were distributed online via social networks and distributed to the respondents to complete and were consequently collected own(prenominal)ly by the researcher * slight time and resources to administer, as all of the online replies where automatically monitored and both online and manual responses were demonstrateed by computer computer software * Anonymity, as the respondents in-person identification exposit (e. g. ame, student ID, etc) were not required * Less prone to bias as they were presented in a consistent manner * Most of the questions were closed, which made further statistical analysis easier However, the main disadvantage from the self-administered questionnaire is that it might not reflect the true state of the respondent and valuable information might be lost as the answers are usually brief. The questionnaire was conducted in English and consisted of two sections. share 1 was aimed at getting demographic data such as age, gender, education years, religion, etc.Section 2 mostly consisted of closed questions and was aimed at determining ones coffee consumption habits and related information. The examples of the questionnaire with instructions on how to complete it areprovided in Appendix 1. Data collection procedure The questionnaires were distributed in two ways * Via social networks such as Facebook and Odnoklassniki * Personally to respondents at the university In order to obviate simile in the online and manual res ponses, the sample was carve up into two groups by study level.Therefore, the first group, consisting of level 5 and level 6 students was questioned online, whereas the level 3 and 4 students were asked to guide manual questionnaires. The data was collected in a one month period. Reliability and validity Reliability Reliability is a measure of consistency with which an instrument, in the theme of the current research a questionnaire measures the attributes it was intentional to measure. Therefore, a questionnaire may be imitation to be reliable if it will move over the same results when applied to the same group of people.The questionnaire was firstly pretested on a group of 50 people that answered the questionnaire twice in different surrounds, the results revealed consistency in responses. The two sets of responses can were compared statistically using charge Kappafor categorical data and Spearmans coterie Correlation Coefficient for continuous data. However, it is importa nt to minimize measurement errors related to reliability. Hence, data storage battery bias was reduced by allocating two researchers to be the only ones to manage the questionnaire.The environment where data was gathered was made at ease by ensuring silence, privacy and confidentiality for the respondents. Validity In contrast to reliability validity is a measure of how a questionnaire is employed and refers the extent to which the questionnaire represents studied variables. In order to go through validity, the questionnaire was based on the review of literature. In addition, all questionnaires distributed manually were delivered by the positive administering researchers.Furthermore, the questions were formulated in a simple language to assure clarity, guidelines were provided in order to ensure the ease of understanding the questions. The manual questionnaires were completed in the presence of the researchers to make sure that the questionnaires were not filled by third partie s. However, it was hard to administer this panorama of the online questionnaire as the researchers were unable to monitor the process of filling. Ethical considerations In order to foster the human rights of the respondents, honorable aspects of the research were taken into consideration.Therefore, before handling in the questionnaire the researchers advised the participants about the aims of the study. Anonymity and confidentiality were maintained, as the personal information of the respondents was not disclosed, and the collected information was kept confidential. Self-determination was sustained by providing the respondents with a choice on whether to enroll in the research or not. scientific honesty, being an important ethical part of the research was also maintained as the researchers and analysts did not manipulate, change or bowdlerise the collected data.Conclusion The research implemented a descriptive, quantitative approach. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from 300 respondents on the territory of the Westminster International University in Tashkent. The sample included young adults aged 17 to 23 studying on the levels 3,4,5 and 6 of the university. Reliability, validity and ethical considerations were taken into account while administering the research. Data Descriptive statistics and results are shown in introduce 1. Variable Observations Mean Std. Dev. Min soap ID 297 149 85. 8073 1 297 age 297 20. 60269 3. 388732 16 40 gender 297 . 5454545 . 49877 0 1 married 297 . 0909091 . 287965 0 1 ethnicity 297 . 8855219 . 3189284 0 1 religion 296 . 9054054 . 2931498 0 1 city 296 . 7668919 . 4235265 0 1 educyears 296 13. 93581 2. 639838 4 45 Montly Income 195 575451. 3 1027561 0 1. 00e+07 wager 294 . 452381 . 4985759 0 1 Smoke 297 . 2255892 . 4186752 0 1 Sport 296 . 7466216 . 4356823 0 1 drunkenness Coffee 297 . 8114478 . 3918127 0 1 Coffee consumption 283 27. 9929 34. 79035 0 225 Price Coffee 266 344 9. 286 4854. 957 0 18000 brave 296 . 5067568 . 500801 0 1 Morning 296 . 5236486 . 5002862 0 1 nourishment 296 . 5101351 . 5007438 0 1 Winter 294 . 5816327 . 4941322 0 1 Comp any(prenominal) 296 . 5236486 . 5002862 0 1 ln Income 131 13. 26666 . 8222373 11. 51293 16. 1181 LN Coffee 259 2. 844612 1. 142757 0 5. 416101 LN Price 242 7. 805468 . 9738078 2. 302585 11. 0021 count 1 The sample collected was used with the help of the STATA statistical and econometrical tool.Qualitative data representing green goddess variables as religion, ethnicity, employment status, smoking habits, lark about, married status and all other vectors of grass variables were transformed to quantitative data. The list of gage variables and their quantitative meaning is represented in build 2. Variable Observations Represented as 1 Represented as 0 gender 297 Male Female marital 297 Married Single/Widow ethnicity 297 Asian Other religion 296 Muslim Other city 296 Tashkent Other Work 29 4 Employed Unemployed Smoke 297 tobacco user Non-smokerSport 296 Sport Non-sport Drinking Coffee 297 Coffee Drinker Non-coffee drinker Weather 296 Weather Influence Weather doesnt becharm Morning 296 Morning hours preffered No gustatory sensation over time aliment 296 Coffee consumed with diet No preference regarding pabulum Winter 294 Winter time preffered No preferene over time solve 2 As descriptive statistics show, the sample number was decreased to 297 due to the exclusion of some answers with irrelevant and unreal results, i. e. , those surveys that were spoiled by giving extraordinary high levels of coffee consumption or income.Mean income of a WIUT students was estimated to be 575451 UZS with the standard deviation of 1072000 UZS to both sides. Again, such a big statistical distribution indicates low reliability of the data that will be discussed further. The composition of the sample regarding gender, as well as with respect to age grouping and ethnicity is shown in haomas 3 to 8. insert 4. barter Status Figure 4. Employment Status Figure 3. Gender diffusion Figure 3. Gender Distribution Figure 6. worship Figure 6. Religion Figure 5. Smoking habits Figure 5. Smoking habits Figure 8. bestride distribution Figure 8. get along distribution Figure 7. Active modus vivendi Figure 7.Active Lifestyle Estimation and Results Estimations were found using the method of weighted least squares and finding corresponding coefficients for respective variables. In order to vitiate the problem of heteroscedascity, deep method of weighted least squares sooner ordinary least squares method was applied. Nevertheless, in order to show the difference between ordinary least squares and weighted least squares methods both rides were used in the results section. In reversal 1 Ordinary to the lowest degree Squares Method was employed, while Regression 2 used the Weighted least Squares vigorous method to avoid the problem of heteroscedascity.Furt hermore, due to the existence of zero-expenditures problem in some cases and not giving accurate information regarding income of students all income information was respectively changed to logarithmic carapace. Moreover, since coffee consumption is discrete, it was also changed to logarithmic scale in order to avoid zero expenditure problems during estimation. Therefore, the final model of weighted least squares model can be shown by the following function. lncoffee= ? +? logincome+jik+? where k is the j number of space variables such as city, ethnicity, education, gender, employment status, smokers and other variables set forth before.As it was said usage of the logarithmic scale helps to avoid the issues associated with zero expenditure. Results. The following table shows estimates for both models using Weighted Least Squares and Ordinary Least Squares (Robust) methods. The difference between two model is not cardinal. The most obvious difference is in the estimations of standa rd error, since usage of the robust method gives little standard errors. Results found a splendid relationship between active lifestyle (sport) and drinking coffee. People who do sports draw to consume less coffee than those jumper cable a less active lifestyle.Furthermore, estimations revealed an raise correlation for those individuals that are single. In this case, as it was said earlier dummy variable 1 represents a married person. prohibit coefficient for marital status indicates that on average married people consume less coffee than hit or widows. In this case the reference group was singles and both coefficients were significant at 99% authorization level, rejecting null hypothesis that marital status and sport activities do not relate to coffee consumption among students of WIUT. Regression 1 Regression 2 coef se coef seAge 0,039 0,027 0,039* 0,022 Gender(1/0) -0,102 0,205 -0,102 0,218 Marital status (1/0) -0,894*** 0,319 -0,894*** 0,269 Ethnicity 0,163 0,294 0,163 0,252 Religion 0,117 0,336 0,117 0,253 City where you were born -0,263 0,219 -0,263 0,209 direction years (school+ middle school +university) -0,007 0,042 -0,007 0,047 Do you have a irregular or full-time work? 0,263 0,190 0,263 0,224 Do you smoke? 0,158 0,244 0,158 0,238 Do you do sport? -0,611*** 0,207 -0,611*** 0,198 Does weather enamor your decision to drink coffee? 0,170 0,186 0,170 0,203 Do you prefer to drink coffee in break of the day hours (700 to 1100) or in any other t 0,159 0,198 0,159 0,234 Do you usually drink coffee with feed/snack? 0,212 0,175 0,212 0,180 Do you drink more coffee during winter or any other period? -0,239 0,207 -0,239 0,234 logincome 0,230* 0,121 0,230* 0,122 _cons -0,730 1,539 -0,730 1,551 Number of observations 119 119 change R2 0,136 0,136 note *** p0. 01, ** p0. 05, * p0. 1 With a smaller confidence level, the importance of income was proved.In this case, positive coefficient of logincome with respect to logcoffee indicates that inc rease in income tend to result in an increase in coffee consumption. Furthermore, lotion of logarithmic scale as it was mentioned earlier, helped to avoid zero-expenditure problems, however shrank the available size of the sample down from 297 to 119. This occurred due to the responses of the participants who didnt give correct responses on the income questions. Interestingly enough, results for age were important at 90% confidence interval while applying the robust method of standard error calculation.All other dummy variables including weather, consumption of coffee with snack, employment status, city, religion are concluded to be insignificant. Conclusion and Recommendations As estimations have indicated some significant results were obtained particularly concerning the research proposal in determination of coffee consumption behavior at WIUT. Mainly, the importance of income and marital status, with sedentary lifestyle proved that WIUT students coffee consumption pattern and ad dictions were quite similar to those revealed in the study by Zavela.The difference and usefulness of the results nevertheless might not be as good as it might have been in the case of a broader and better collected sample. First of all, collection of data not via survey, but corresponding actual spending on coffee and finding out total monthly expenditure would have been oftentimes more appropriate for the analysis. In that case, reliability of the data would be guaranteed and more precise results might be obtained. Also, quite limited and more or less similar population of WIUT population cant be interpreted as proxy for any Uzbekistan university students, or even for Tashkent city students.In order for the sample to be more representative data from each university should be collected using not a self-administered survey, but more fundamental methods. However, considering high cost and the insufficiency of time, sufficient data collection might be a hard problem. Bibliography - Brice C. F. and smith A. P. (2002). Factors associated with caffeine consumption. International ledger of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 53, 55-64. Current Worldwide Annual Coffee Consumption per capita. (n. d. ). ChartsBin. com Visualize your data. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from http//chartsbin. om/view/581 Fernandez E. , Vecchia C. L. , Avanzo B. D. , Braga C. , Negri E. and Franceschi S. (1997). Quitting smoking in Northern Italy A cross-sectional analysis of 2621 subjects. European Journal of Epidemiology, 13, 267-273. Given, L. M. (2008). The Sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Los Angeles, Calif. Sage Publications. - Hewlett, P. , & Wadsworth, E. (2013). Tea, coffee and associated lifestyle factors. British Food Journal,114(3), 416-427. - John K. Francis. Coffeaarabica L. RUBIACEAE.Factsheet of U. S. department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Retrieved 2007-07-27. - Kauffman R. M. , Ferketich A. K. , Wee A. G. , Shultz J. M. , Kuun P. and Wewers M. E. (2008) . Factors associated with smokeless tobacco cessation in an Appalachian population. habit-forming Behaviors, 33, 821-830. - Klesges R. C. , Ray J. W. and Klesges L. M. (1994). Caffeinated coffee and tea intake and its relationship to cigarette smoking An analysis of the second national health and bread and butter examination survey (NHANES II).Journal of Substance Abuse, 6, 407-418. Koksal, A. , Wohlgenant, M. (2011). rationally ADDICTED TO CIGARETTES, ALCOHOL AND COFFEE? A PSEUDO PANEL APPROACH . surgical incision of Agricultural and Resource Economics, North Carolina area University,1, 1-21. Krall E. A. , Garvey A. J. and Garcia R. I. (2002). Smoking relapse after 2 years of abstinence findings from the VA prescriptive ripening study. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 4, 95-100. Krall E. A. , Garvey A. J. and Garcia R. I. (2002). Smoking relapse after 2 years of abstinence findings from the VA normative aging study.Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 4, 95-100. - Matter, S. (n. d. ). C offee in Uzbekistan. Global Market Research and analysis for Industries, Countries, and Consumers. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from http//www. euromonitor. com/coffee-in-uzbekistan/report Mosdol A. , Christenseen B. , Retterstol L. and Thelle D. S. (2002). Induced changes in the consumption of coffee alter ad libitum dietary intake and physical activity level. British Journal of Nutrition, 87, 261-266. Salazar-Martinez E. , Willett W. C. , Ascherio A. Manson J. E. , Leitzmann M. F. , Stampfer M. J. and Hu F. B. (2004). Coffee consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. biography of Internal Medicine, 140, 1-8. Saunders, M. (2003). Research methods for business students. Harlow, England rude(a) York Prentice Hall. Schwarz B. , Bischof H. P. and Kunze M. (1994). Coffee, Tea and Lifestyle. Preventive Medicine, 23, 377-384 Stevenson J. S. and know J. A. (2005). Predictors misuse and abuse in older women. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 37(4), 329-335. Talcott G. W. , Poston W. S. C. II and haddock C. K. (1998).Co-occurrent use of cigarettes, alcohol, and caffeine in a retired military population. Military Medicine, 163, 133-138. Thune I. , Njolstad I. , Lochen M. L. and Forde O. H. (1998). Physical activity improves the metabolic risk profiles in men and women. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158, 1633-1640. - VARUN, T. (2008). CONSUMPTION deportment OF COFFEE AND TEA IN KARNATAKA. thesis submitted to the University of Agricultural Sciences,1, 1-95. Appendix 1 Questionnaire instructions. For the researchers when introducing the survey to the respondents Dear Mr/Ms __________As a part of our coursework on Research Methods, we were assigned to conduct a research on coffee consumption among students in WIUT. As part of the research we composed a questionnaire in order to identify your coffee consumption patterns. The questionnaire is anonymous and confidential. No personal information is required. Could you please take your time and answer the questions 1 t o 16? Instructions on how to complete the questionnaire The questionnaire is confidential. No name or ID is required. Please fill in the personal information box first. Pay aid to the guidelines in the brackets after the questions.In the education years line please fill in the years you spent at school, lyceum or university either combined or separately. Yes/No questions have an superfluous land for commentaries. Fill in the comments section only if you have any additional information to share. Coffee questionnaire The questionnaire is confidential. No name or ID is required. Please fill in the personal information box first. Pay assistance to the guidelines in the brackets after the questions. In the education years line please fill in the years you spent at school, lyceum or university either combined or separately.Yes/No questions have an additional field for commentaries. Fill in the comments section only if you have any additional information to share. Personal informatio n Age Gender (Male/Female) Marital status (Married/Single) Ethnicity Religion City where you were born Education years (school+ lyceum +university) Monthly income (in UZS) Criteria Yes/No Comments 1 Do you have a part-time or full-time work? Yes No 2 Do you smoke? Yes No 3 Do you do sport? Yes No 4 Do you drink coffee? YesNo 5 How much coffee do you consume per month? (in cups) 6 How much do you usually contain for a cup of coffee? (UZS per cup) 7 How much are you willing to pay for a cup of coffee? (UZS per cup) 8 Does weather influence your decision to drink coffee? Yes No 9 Do you prefer to drink coffee in morning hours (700 to 1100) or in any other time? ( Yes for morning hours, No for any other) Yes No 10 Other than coffee, which hot/cold beverages do you regularly purchase? 11 How much do you usually pay for a cup of tea? UZS per cup) 12 How much are you willing to pay for a cup of tea? (UZS per cup) 13 Do you usually drink coffee wi th food/snack? (Yes if you do, No if you dont) Yes No 14 Do you drink coffee during winter or any other period? (Yes for Winter, No for other) Yes No 15 Do you usually drink coffee while you are with friends/company or alone? (Yes with friends/company, No alone) Yes No 16 Do you prefer university coffee or any other coffee outside? ( Yes for university, No for outside) Yes No Any other comments