Project Report on Coffee Behaviour

Westminster multinational University in capital of Uzbek BSc in economic science with Finance 2012 2013 CW 1 (Ele manpowert 2) Group terminal Report CW 1 (Ele manpowert 2) Group nett Report To be completed by the student Students ID weigh 00001477, 00001568, 00002099, 00001506 mental faculty name interrogation Methods Module code 2UZB503 Tutor Lobar Mukhamedova several(prenominal) assignment Group assignment entering deadline 04. 04. 2013 For Academic Registrar use totally Contents Abstract3 Introduction3 Literature suss forbidden3 umber and sess4 pledgeing chocolate and Smoking cessation5 java and intoxi seatt5 burnt umber and corporal employment6 deep brown and Income6 determination6 Research question7 Research objectives7 Methodology7 Research climax and design7 Research luckting8 Study population and try on8 info Collection9 discipline parade means9 info collection append ripen9 dependableness and validity10 Reliability10 Validity10 Ethical c onsiderations10 resultant10 Data11 Estimation and Results14 Conclusion and Recommendations16 Bibliography17 Appendix 119 Questionnaire instructions. 19 Instructions on how to complete the questionnaire19 chocolate questionnaire20 Personal schooling20 AbstractThe fol misfortunateing paper discusses the briny epitopes of deep brown expending at Westminster demesne roomy University in Tashkent. Determinants such as income of serve uping, ethnimetropolis, religion, roll of baccy habits and opposite divisors argon investigated. Data was tranquil victimization online modes of retrospecting and self-administrated questionnaires. Results proved to be squ atomic subroutine 18 and revealed a negative cor sexual recountingal statistics betwixt umber bean expenditure, active modus vivendi and matrimonial attitude. In descent, unequivocal correlation amidst deep brown drug addiction income and eon was institute. opposite factors as sess, religion, foster get along age proved to be insignifi backsidet.Introduction Being the three to a greater termination or slight roughly desolated beverage in the world subsequently water and tea, cocoa berry is cute for its distinct aroma, flavor and energizing effect. put up in Ethiopia in the 9th century, cocoa basic became popular in the Arab world, was then promoted in europium and consequently developed into whiz of the most traded commodities in the world(John K. Francis, 2007). World i-year per capita pass was equal to 1. 3 kg/ mortal in 2011. America and Europe atomic number 18 the massivest hot chocolate berry consumers on per capita basis, score for 3. 9 and 3. 7 kg/person respectively, in comparison to Asiatic countries where the fair constituted 0. kg/person (World Resources Institute, 2011). Neverthe slight, the westbound chocolate utilisation habits are late starting to spread in Asia, oddly in Uzbekistan, where umber tree is considered as a fashio nable hot booze terminatee than an every twenty-four hour period necessity. The intake of two mo and insoluble burnt umber bean tree beanin Uzbekistan is limited to urban areas and is broadly speaking increasing alongside with the rising lifespan measuring rods (Euromonitor, 2011). Further more(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal) than, the rising number of umber berry shops and the popularity of cocoa houses such as Cafe Jum, Julius Meinl, platter Cafe, KafeKafe and cocoa Clubare vertical indicators of the growing popularity of hot chocolate.Literature Restance Evidence from various studies de tell a give out away that vitality standards are non the totally determinant of burnt umber intake doings. Smoking, take cessation, intoxi flocktic beverage, age, gender, level of physical occupation and income as well as escape a sufficient role in wholenesss using up patterns. In their comprehensive interrogation on coffee and associated life-style factors publish in 2010 Hewlett and Wadsworth observe a link amid caffeinated toast usance, dope and alcohol. The findings revealed that those take uping coffee were more in all probability to be smokers aged amongst 30 and 70.A nonher polish up on coffee consumption behavior in Karnataka, India published in 2008 by Varun indicated a dictatorial correlation surrounded by fostering, family surface and income on coffee demand in urban areas, whereas in the rural areas, the price was the master(prenominal) determinant influencing consumption. The rationale for the linkage of the determinants and coffee consumption is reviewedand discussed belowbased on a wide range of inquiryes and suss outs. The studies concerning coffee consumption behaviorwere obtained from EBSCO, JStor, Emerald and Google scholar readingbases.Those queryes included in the literature review are published in English, penning coffee consumption behavior press out co rrelation with at to the lowest microscope stage whatsoever(prenominal) of the modus vivendi factors and provide a expand review of the applied methodology and statistical abstract. java and Smoking S notwithstanding studies conclude that higher(prenominal) cigarette consumption among saturnine smokers is linked to highercoffee consumption. The investigation on coffee consumption patterns among army personnel byZavela et al. (1990) revealed a haughty correlation amidst womanly cigarette and alcohol consumption and manful cigarette and coffee consumption.Furthermore, the seekers set that non-smokers run for to be abstemious to coffee and alcohol consumption. In contrast, Koksal et al. (2011) in their pseudo-panel compend of US household data came to the conclusion that that coffee consumption and consumption of cigarettes and alcohol are non cor relate due(p) to the statistical insignificance of the cross price elasticities of coffee. However,even though in that location is no serial complementary relation in the observed population, the authors do non exclude the possibility that coffee and cigarettes are complements for approximately singulars. Studies by Salazar et al. and Garcia et al. hat show the receipts from about 120000 ruinicipants both, stated that more than 50% of female smokers drank at to the lowest degree 6 cups of coffeeper day, whereas only 30% of throw away men consumed at least(prenominal) 6 cups of coffee on a cursory basis. Digging even advertize into the investigate of the relation of hummer and coffee, Klesges et al. net income back a bun in the ovened a large epidemiologic debate with more than 7500 respondents. The researchers designate those consuming from maven to four cigarettes per day as light smokers, those heater from basketball team to twenty cigarettes as moderate smokers and those smoking at least twenty one cigarettes per day as heavy smokers.Further epitome revealed that light and moderate smokers where 2. 34 and 2. 84 measure more likely to imbibing coffee than non-smokers, whereas heavy smokers where 4. 23 clocks more likely to be coffee consumers. The comparison of the student savor with the habitual human bes take by Brice et al. illustrated that smokers in both trys were likely to drink more coffee in comparison to non-smokers. In the student prove (121 respondent) smokers on second-rate consumed 76 mg more caffeine than their fellow non-smokers. In the general public sample (122 respondent) smokers consumed 92 mg more than non-smokers.The mass of the academic papers revealed a verifying correlation between smoking and coffee consumption (except the Koksal et al. study). However, some of the mentioned supra studies exponent be a win to bias as most of the respondents were asked to self-report coffee consumption and smoking habits. Furthermore, studies by Zavela et al. and Brice et al. had teeny-weeny samples that did not completely repr esent the full-length population and may therefore also be addressed as aslope at some point. Nevertheless, despite the presented results, no(prenominal) of the researches, except for Benowitz et al. 2003) addressed the actual land for the coffee/smoking relation. According to the researchers smokers elect coffee due to the fact that smoking additions caffeine transfiguration and coffee contains the highest its highest dit among all opposite beverages. In rules of send to confirm the positive correlation between the bar of cigarettes smoked and coffee consumed it is essential to research the reverse side of the relation. Do those multitude that straggle smoking consume less coffee? Coffee and Smoking cessation Several studies review the relation between smoking cessation and coffee consumption andall of them reveal a positive correlation.A cross- officeal study by Fernandez et al. expound a total sample of 2621 respondents and prepare that spurn coffee consumption was associated with quitting smoking. However, the results great power be effect-modified as the health reasons for quitting where not taken into consideration during data collection. The research on smoking relapse imparted by Krall et al. revealed that people who quit smoking moreover where drinking at least 6 cups of coffee daily where 2. 33 times more likely to start smoking over again. A similar study of 116 men by Kauffman et al. eviewed that those who dont drink a lot of coffee where 12 times more likely to quit smoking successfully. Furthermore, education and age where identify as the factors positively upholding smoking cessation and where adjusted in society to throw away the effect of coffee consumption clearer. Coffee and alcohol Correlations between coffee consumption and alcohol consumption are mostly explained by ones attitude towards health. Therefore, unremarkably alcohol drinkers are less come to by their health and on add up consume more coffee than non -drinkers.Researches by Talcott et al. and Stevenson et al. prove this statement as agree to their findings, alcohol drinkers were 1. 52 times more likely to drink coffee. Schwarz et al. investigated even further and researched the relation between different alcohol drinks with coffee and tea consumption in a sample of 2400 respondents aged from twenty five to sixty four. The findings of the authors revealed that among beer, wine and other beverages only wine had a positive correlation with coffee consumption. Again the in a higher place studies have some limitations as some of them o not reveal the health conditions of the respondents. As mentioned above health is a serious determinant that can affect both alcohol intake and coffee consumption. Furthermore, self-administered essence of hive away learning were apply. Therefore, the composed data competency be prostrate to bias. Coffee and physical activity The majority of the reviewed disciplines associated high coffee cons umption with low physical activity. According to the research by Hewlett et al. less coffee consumption was associated with being earlyer and a less than anicteric lifestyle. Thune et al. onducted a survey with more than myriad respondents that indicated that both males and females with inactive jobs consumed more coffee than those that were physically more active. Therefore, coffee consumption may be associated with less unoccupied time activities and a sedentary job. It is consequential to mention the work of Mosdol et al. that researched how the changes in coffee consumption affected ones physical activity. The respondents were determined in three separates by coffee consumption. The prototypical sort out didnt drink coffee at all, the second consumed 1 to 3 cups per day and the third classify drank at least 4 cups.Furthermore, 3 physical activity level groupings were established. The results revealed that those participants that increase the amount of cups consumed pe r day were less likely to do physical exercise. Therefore, the higher is the coffee intake, the less physically active an individual is. From the methodological point of view, the limitations of the mentioned above surveys where again connected to the fact that mostly the participants were asked to self-report their levels of physical activity and coffee consumption. Furthermore, the studies researched the relation between the ii multivariates at a hotshot point of time.All of the limitations unite make it austere to identify the real connection between coffee consumption and physical activity. Coffee and Income It is evident that the relation between coffee consumption and income varies from region to region. Therefore, coffee consumption in some states comprises a evidentially lower proportion of total consumption in comparison with other countries. Hewlett et al. (1990) identify that the income elasticity is positive and less than one for all of the goods investigated (coff ee, tea, alcohol). Interestingly, the study by Varun et al. evealed that urban households purchase a larger amount of coffee and tea in contrast to rural households. Furthermore, total family income plays a more significant role in consumer decisions in urban areas, whereas family surface was the major factor in rural areas. Conclusion base on the reviewed literature most historic coffee consumption determinants were identified. Therefore, a significant correlation between smoking and coffee consumption was found. Additional research revealed that smokers on median(a) consume more than non-smokers and those who quit smoking.Furthermore, the probability of smoking relapse was higher for those ex-smokers that consumed a higher amount of caffeine. The biological relation between coffee metabolism and smoking was recognized as one of the factors to explain the correlation. Coffee consumption and alcohol intake were linked to an individuals in the flesh(predicate) healthcare choices . Therefore, high consumption of alcohol was correlated with an unhealthy lifestyle and consequently, with a higher consumption of coffee. asthmatic lifestyle was also proved to be the factor relating coffee intake with lower physical activity.Income and coffee consumption were turn up to change from region to region, with people in urban areas with higher incomes drinking more coffee in comparison with the people in rural areas. just about importantly, a research gap was found. As can be seen from the above review, none of the researchers investigated coffee consumption patterns in Uzbekistan and almost none of them investigated university students coffee consumption behavior. Therefore, it is important to ful need this gap and conduct a survey of coffee consumption patterns among students in Uzbekistan.However, due to the scarcity of resources this research ordain focus on the coffee consumption determinants in Westminster supranational University in Tashkent (WIUT). Research question What are the main coffee consumption determinants for the students of the Westminster international(a) University in Tashkent? Research objectives * To identify the main factors affecting coffee consumption behavior of WIUT students * To discover whether the findings about the positive relation between smoking and coffee consumption are applicable to WIUT tudents * To run across the discovered relations between tonality determinants and coffee consumption Methodology Research set out and design During the research a quantitative burn downing was implemented. Given (2008) secerns a quantitative research as an trial-and-error investigation of a loving phenomenon by the use of statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. Usually a quantitative approach is applied when it is necessary to statistically describe and test relations between true variables and examine cause effect relations.A descriptive (correlational) survey was used to collect essential dat a to describe the population. The descriptive survey interprets the relationships among a set of variables to develop trends and patterns in the data. Variables in this kind of a survey are not manipulated and are canvas as they occur. The survey obtains data from a population sample by means of self-report, when participants respond to a number of questions identified by the researcher. In the current research, teaching was gathered by the use of self-administered questionnaires distributed online and singly for each participant.A descriptive quantitative approach was applied because it helps to identify the causes of the interrelations in the variables. The main advantage of the employed approach is preciseness that is achieved through reliable quantitative measurement, when the imperturbable data is not manipulated. However, there are some limitations due to the objectivity of self-reports, as respondents may provide the researcher with misbegot selective data that is not accurate. Research settingThe study was conducted at the Westminster International University in Tashkent that is located in the highly enigmatical urban area in the sum of the capital of Uzbekistan. Approximately 1700 students and 90 teachers project the university. The majority of the students are locals aged from 17 to 25, most of which are a registered in the Facebook well-disposed ne iirk. Study population and sample A population is a set of all the elements that come within the study sample criteria. The consume frame consisted of teen adults aged 17 to 23 that are full-time bachelors degree students who study on levels 3, 4, 5 or 6 of the university.Masters degree students and teachers were not included in the frame as they represent an of age(p) age group that does not fit into the aim of the research to study consumption patterns among students. Due to the miss of time, resources and the impossibility of implementation, the census approach, when data is compile fro m everyone in the population,was excluded from the research. Instead, the simplex random sample approach was applied. Under this approach the sample is unruffled by randomly choosing the respondents from the take in frame.The simple random sampling approach was used because the research sample size was equal to 300, the sample frame was substantially accessible via the computer database, and interactions with the respondents were not an issue. The sample size decisions were based on a 95% potency level that the data represents the characteristics of the whole population and the 3-5% accep tabularize security deposit of error that expresses the amount of random sampling error in the results. According to the best sample size calculations and the table adequate from Saunders et al. (2003, p. 56) and assuming a 100% response rate the optimal sample size was identified to be equal to 300. The put in sample was compared with the student statistics from the university and was pro vento represent the characteristics of the university population. Data Collection Data collection instrument A self-administered questionnaire was chosen as the data collection instrument for the research. A typical questionnaire is normally a mean of collecting primary data and consists of a serial of questions that are aimed at gathering reading from the respondents.The decision to apply questionnaires as a data gathering tool was do largely due to the following factors * elevated response rates as the questionnaires were distributed online via social networks and distributed to the respondents to complete and were consequently collected own(prenominal)ly by the researcher * slight time and resources to administer, as all of the online replies where automatically monitored and both online and manual responses were demonstrateed by computer computer software * Anonymity, as the respondents in-person identification exposit (e. g. ame, student ID, etc) were not required * Less prone to bias as they were presented in a consistent manner * Most of the questions were closed, which made further statistical analysis easier However, the main disadvantage from the self-administered questionnaire is that it might not reflect the true state of the respondent and valuable information might be lost as the answers are usually brief. The questionnaire was conducted in English and consisted of two sections. share 1 was aimed at getting demographic data such as age, gender, education years, religion, etc.Section 2 mostly consisted of closed questions and was aimed at determining ones coffee consumption habits and related information. The examples of the questionnaire with instructions on how to complete it areprovided in Appendix 1. Data collection procedure The questionnaires were distributed in two ways * Via social networks such as Facebook and Odnoklassniki * Personally to respondents at the university In order to obviate simile in the online and manual res ponses, the sample was carve up into two groups by study level.Therefore, the first group, consisting of level 5 and level 6 students was questioned online, whereas the level 3 and 4 students were asked to guide manual questionnaires. The data was collected in a one month period. Reliability and validity Reliability Reliability is a measure of consistency with which an instrument, in the theme of the current research a questionnaire measures the attributes it was intentional to measure. Therefore, a questionnaire may be imitation to be reliable if it will move over the same results when applied to the same group of people.The questionnaire was firstly pretested on a group of 50 people that answered the questionnaire twice in different surrounds, the results revealed consistency in responses. The two sets of responses can were compared statistically using charge Kappafor categorical data and Spearmans coterie Correlation Coefficient for continuous data. However, it is importa nt to minimize measurement errors related to reliability. Hence, data storage battery bias was reduced by allocating two researchers to be the only ones to manage the questionnaire.The environment where data was gathered was made at ease by ensuring silence, privacy and confidentiality for the respondents. Validity In contrast to reliability validity is a measure of how a questionnaire is employed and refers the extent to which the questionnaire represents studied variables. In order to go through validity, the questionnaire was based on the review of literature. In addition, all questionnaires distributed manually were delivered by the positive administering researchers.Furthermore, the questions were formulated in a simple language to assure clarity, guidelines were provided in order to ensure the ease of understanding the questions. The manual questionnaires were completed in the presence of the researchers to make sure that the questionnaires were not filled by third partie s. However, it was hard to administer this panorama of the online questionnaire as the researchers were unable to monitor the process of filling. Ethical considerations In order to foster the human rights of the respondents, honorable aspects of the research were taken into consideration.Therefore, before handling in the questionnaire the researchers advised the participants about the aims of the study. Anonymity and confidentiality were maintained, as the personal information of the respondents was not disclosed, and the collected information was kept confidential. Self-determination was sustained by providing the respondents with a choice on whether to enroll in the research or not. scientific honesty, being an important ethical part of the research was also maintained as the researchers and analysts did not manipulate, change or bowdlerise the collected data.Conclusion The research implemented a descriptive, quantitative approach. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from 300 respondents on the territory of the Westminster International University in Tashkent. The sample included young adults aged 17 to 23 studying on the levels 3,4,5 and 6 of the university. Reliability, validity and ethical considerations were taken into account while administering the research. Data Descriptive statistics and results are shown in introduce 1. Variable Observations Mean Std. Dev. Min soap ID 297 149 85. 8073 1 297 age 297 20. 60269 3. 388732 16 40 gender 297 . 5454545 . 49877 0 1 married 297 . 0909091 . 287965 0 1 ethnicity 297 . 8855219 . 3189284 0 1 religion 296 . 9054054 . 2931498 0 1 city 296 . 7668919 . 4235265 0 1 educyears 296 13. 93581 2. 639838 4 45 Montly Income 195 575451. 3 1027561 0 1. 00e+07 wager 294 . 452381 . 4985759 0 1 Smoke 297 . 2255892 . 4186752 0 1 Sport 296 . 7466216 . 4356823 0 1 drunkenness Coffee 297 . 8114478 . 3918127 0 1 Coffee consumption 283 27. 9929 34. 79035 0 225 Price Coffee 266 344 9. 286 4854. 957 0 18000 brave 296 . 5067568 . 500801 0 1 Morning 296 . 5236486 . 5002862 0 1 nourishment 296 . 5101351 . 5007438 0 1 Winter 294 . 5816327 . 4941322 0 1 Comp any(prenominal) 296 . 5236486 . 5002862 0 1 ln Income 131 13. 26666 . 8222373 11. 51293 16. 1181 LN Coffee 259 2. 844612 1. 142757 0 5. 416101 LN Price 242 7. 805468 . 9738078 2. 302585 11. 0021 count 1 The sample collected was used with the help of the STATA statistical and econometrical tool.Qualitative data representing green goddess variables as religion, ethnicity, employment status, smoking habits, lark about, married status and all other vectors of grass variables were transformed to quantitative data. The list of gage variables and their quantitative meaning is represented in build 2. Variable Observations Represented as 1 Represented as 0 gender 297 Male Female marital 297 Married Single/Widow ethnicity 297 Asian Other religion 296 Muslim Other city 296 Tashkent Other Work 29 4 Employed Unemployed Smoke 297 tobacco user Non-smokerSport 296 Sport Non-sport Drinking Coffee 297 Coffee Drinker Non-coffee drinker Weather 296 Weather Influence Weather doesnt becharm Morning 296 Morning hours preffered No gustatory sensation over time aliment 296 Coffee consumed with diet No preference regarding pabulum Winter 294 Winter time preffered No preferene over time solve 2 As descriptive statistics show, the sample number was decreased to 297 due to the exclusion of some answers with irrelevant and unreal results, i. e. , those surveys that were spoiled by giving extraordinary high levels of coffee consumption or income.Mean income of a WIUT students was estimated to be 575451 UZS with the standard deviation of 1072000 UZS to both sides. Again, such a big statistical distribution indicates low reliability of the data that will be discussed further. The composition of the sample regarding gender, as well as with respect to age grouping and ethnicity is shown in haomas 3 to 8. insert 4. barter Status Figure 4. Employment Status Figure 3. Gender diffusion Figure 3. Gender Distribution Figure 6. worship Figure 6. Religion Figure 5. Smoking habits Figure 5. Smoking habits Figure 8. bestride distribution Figure 8. get along distribution Figure 7. Active modus vivendi Figure 7.Active Lifestyle Estimation and Results Estimations were found using the method of weighted least squares and finding corresponding coefficients for respective variables. In order to vitiate the problem of heteroscedascity, deep method of weighted least squares sooner ordinary least squares method was applied. Nevertheless, in order to show the difference between ordinary least squares and weighted least squares methods both rides were used in the results section. In reversal 1 Ordinary to the lowest degree Squares Method was employed, while Regression 2 used the Weighted least Squares vigorous method to avoid the problem of heteroscedascity.Furt hermore, due to the existence of zero-expenditures problem in some cases and not giving accurate information regarding income of students all income information was respectively changed to logarithmic carapace. Moreover, since coffee consumption is discrete, it was also changed to logarithmic scale in order to avoid zero expenditure problems during estimation. Therefore, the final model of weighted least squares model can be shown by the following function. lncoffee= ? +? logincome+jik+? where k is the j number of space variables such as city, ethnicity, education, gender, employment status, smokers and other variables set forth before.As it was said usage of the logarithmic scale helps to avoid the issues associated with zero expenditure. Results. The following table shows estimates for both models using Weighted Least Squares and Ordinary Least Squares (Robust) methods. The difference between two model is not cardinal. The most obvious difference is in the estimations of standa rd error, since usage of the robust method gives little standard errors. Results found a splendid relationship between active lifestyle (sport) and drinking coffee. People who do sports draw to consume less coffee than those jumper cable a less active lifestyle.Furthermore, estimations revealed an raise correlation for those individuals that are single. In this case, as it was said earlier dummy variable 1 represents a married person. prohibit coefficient for marital status indicates that on average married people consume less coffee than hit or widows. In this case the reference group was singles and both coefficients were significant at 99% authorization level, rejecting null hypothesis that marital status and sport activities do not relate to coffee consumption among students of WIUT. Regression 1 Regression 2 coef se coef seAge 0,039 0,027 0,039* 0,022 Gender(1/0) -0,102 0,205 -0,102 0,218 Marital status (1/0) -0,894*** 0,319 -0,894*** 0,269 Ethnicity 0,163 0,294 0,163 0,252 Religion 0,117 0,336 0,117 0,253 City where you were born -0,263 0,219 -0,263 0,209 direction years (school+ middle school +university) -0,007 0,042 -0,007 0,047 Do you have a irregular or full-time work? 0,263 0,190 0,263 0,224 Do you smoke? 0,158 0,244 0,158 0,238 Do you do sport? -0,611*** 0,207 -0,611*** 0,198 Does weather enamor your decision to drink coffee? 0,170 0,186 0,170 0,203 Do you prefer to drink coffee in break of the day hours (700 to 1100) or in any other t 0,159 0,198 0,159 0,234 Do you usually drink coffee with feed/snack? 0,212 0,175 0,212 0,180 Do you drink more coffee during winter or any other period? -0,239 0,207 -0,239 0,234 logincome 0,230* 0,121 0,230* 0,122 _cons -0,730 1,539 -0,730 1,551 Number of observations 119 119 change R2 0,136 0,136 note *** p0. 01, ** p0. 05, * p0. 1 With a smaller confidence level, the importance of income was proved.In this case, positive coefficient of logincome with respect to logcoffee indicates that inc rease in income tend to result in an increase in coffee consumption. Furthermore, lotion of logarithmic scale as it was mentioned earlier, helped to avoid zero-expenditure problems, however shrank the available size of the sample down from 297 to 119. This occurred due to the responses of the participants who didnt give correct responses on the income questions. Interestingly enough, results for age were important at 90% confidence interval while applying the robust method of standard error calculation.All other dummy variables including weather, consumption of coffee with snack, employment status, city, religion are concluded to be insignificant. Conclusion and Recommendations As estimations have indicated some significant results were obtained particularly concerning the research proposal in determination of coffee consumption behavior at WIUT. Mainly, the importance of income and marital status, with sedentary lifestyle proved that WIUT students coffee consumption pattern and ad dictions were quite similar to those revealed in the study by Zavela.The difference and usefulness of the results nevertheless might not be as good as it might have been in the case of a broader and better collected sample. First of all, collection of data not via survey, but corresponding actual spending on coffee and finding out total monthly expenditure would have been oftentimes more appropriate for the analysis. In that case, reliability of the data would be guaranteed and more precise results might be obtained. Also, quite limited and more or less similar population of WIUT population cant be interpreted as proxy for any Uzbekistan university students, or even for Tashkent city students.In order for the sample to be more representative data from each university should be collected using not a self-administered survey, but more fundamental methods. However, considering high cost and the insufficiency of time, sufficient data collection might be a hard problem. Bibliography - Brice C. F. and smith A. P. (2002). Factors associated with caffeine consumption. International ledger of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 53, 55-64. Current Worldwide Annual Coffee Consumption per capita. (n. d. ). ChartsBin. com Visualize your data. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from http//chartsbin. om/view/581 Fernandez E. , Vecchia C. L. , Avanzo B. D. , Braga C. , Negri E. and Franceschi S. (1997). Quitting smoking in Northern Italy A cross-sectional analysis of 2621 subjects. European Journal of Epidemiology, 13, 267-273. Given, L. M. (2008). The Sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Los Angeles, Calif. Sage Publications. - Hewlett, P. , & Wadsworth, E. (2013). Tea, coffee and associated lifestyle factors. British Food Journal,114(3), 416-427. - John K. Francis. Coffeaarabica L. RUBIACEAE.Factsheet of U. S. department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Retrieved 2007-07-27. - Kauffman R. M. , Ferketich A. K. , Wee A. G. , Shultz J. M. , Kuun P. and Wewers M. E. (2008) . Factors associated with smokeless tobacco cessation in an Appalachian population. habit-forming Behaviors, 33, 821-830. - Klesges R. C. , Ray J. W. and Klesges L. M. (1994). Caffeinated coffee and tea intake and its relationship to cigarette smoking An analysis of the second national health and bread and butter examination survey (NHANES II).Journal of Substance Abuse, 6, 407-418. Koksal, A. , Wohlgenant, M. (2011). rationally ADDICTED TO CIGARETTES, ALCOHOL AND COFFEE? A PSEUDO PANEL APPROACH . surgical incision of Agricultural and Resource Economics, North Carolina area University,1, 1-21. Krall E. A. , Garvey A. J. and Garcia R. I. (2002). Smoking relapse after 2 years of abstinence findings from the VA prescriptive ripening study. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 4, 95-100. Krall E. A. , Garvey A. J. and Garcia R. I. (2002). Smoking relapse after 2 years of abstinence findings from the VA normative aging study.Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 4, 95-100. - Matter, S. (n. d. ). C offee in Uzbekistan. Global Market Research and analysis for Industries, Countries, and Consumers. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from http//www. euromonitor. com/coffee-in-uzbekistan/report Mosdol A. , Christenseen B. , Retterstol L. and Thelle D. S. (2002). Induced changes in the consumption of coffee alter ad libitum dietary intake and physical activity level. British Journal of Nutrition, 87, 261-266. Salazar-Martinez E. , Willett W. C. , Ascherio A. Manson J. E. , Leitzmann M. F. , Stampfer M. J. and Hu F. B. (2004). Coffee consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. biography of Internal Medicine, 140, 1-8. Saunders, M. (2003). Research methods for business students. Harlow, England rude(a) York Prentice Hall. Schwarz B. , Bischof H. P. and Kunze M. (1994). Coffee, Tea and Lifestyle. Preventive Medicine, 23, 377-384 Stevenson J. S. and know J. A. (2005). Predictors misuse and abuse in older women. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 37(4), 329-335. Talcott G. W. , Poston W. S. C. II and haddock C. K. (1998).Co-occurrent use of cigarettes, alcohol, and caffeine in a retired military population. Military Medicine, 163, 133-138. Thune I. , Njolstad I. , Lochen M. L. and Forde O. H. (1998). Physical activity improves the metabolic risk profiles in men and women. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158, 1633-1640. - VARUN, T. (2008). CONSUMPTION deportment OF COFFEE AND TEA IN KARNATAKA. thesis submitted to the University of Agricultural Sciences,1, 1-95. Appendix 1 Questionnaire instructions. For the researchers when introducing the survey to the respondents Dear Mr/Ms __________As a part of our coursework on Research Methods, we were assigned to conduct a research on coffee consumption among students in WIUT. As part of the research we composed a questionnaire in order to identify your coffee consumption patterns. The questionnaire is anonymous and confidential. No personal information is required. Could you please take your time and answer the questions 1 t o 16? Instructions on how to complete the questionnaire The questionnaire is confidential. No name or ID is required. Please fill in the personal information box first. Pay aid to the guidelines in the brackets after the questions.In the education years line please fill in the years you spent at school, lyceum or university either combined or separately. Yes/No questions have an superfluous land for commentaries. Fill in the comments section only if you have any additional information to share. Coffee questionnaire The questionnaire is confidential. No name or ID is required. Please fill in the personal information box first. Pay assistance to the guidelines in the brackets after the questions. In the education years line please fill in the years you spent at school, lyceum or university either combined or separately.Yes/No questions have an additional field for commentaries. Fill in the comments section only if you have any additional information to share. Personal informatio n Age Gender (Male/Female) Marital status (Married/Single) Ethnicity Religion City where you were born Education years (school+ lyceum +university) Monthly income (in UZS) Criteria Yes/No Comments 1 Do you have a part-time or full-time work? Yes No 2 Do you smoke? Yes No 3 Do you do sport? Yes No 4 Do you drink coffee? YesNo 5 How much coffee do you consume per month? (in cups) 6 How much do you usually contain for a cup of coffee? (UZS per cup) 7 How much are you willing to pay for a cup of coffee? (UZS per cup) 8 Does weather influence your decision to drink coffee? Yes No 9 Do you prefer to drink coffee in morning hours (700 to 1100) or in any other time? ( Yes for morning hours, No for any other) Yes No 10 Other than coffee, which hot/cold beverages do you regularly purchase? 11 How much do you usually pay for a cup of tea? UZS per cup) 12 How much are you willing to pay for a cup of tea? (UZS per cup) 13 Do you usually drink coffee wi th food/snack? (Yes if you do, No if you dont) Yes No 14 Do you drink coffee during winter or any other period? (Yes for Winter, No for other) Yes No 15 Do you usually drink coffee while you are with friends/company or alone? (Yes with friends/company, No alone) Yes No 16 Do you prefer university coffee or any other coffee outside? ( Yes for university, No for outside) Yes No Any other comments